Hypothalamus periventricular

High amounts of somatostatin are found in the CNS, the peripheral nervous system, the gut and the endocrine pancreas whereas the kidneys, adrenals, thyroid, submandibular glands, prostate and placenta produce rather low amounts. In particular, the hypothalamus, all limbic structures, the deeper layers of the cerebral cortex, the striatum, the periaqueductal central grey and all levels of the major sensoty pathway are brain areas that are especially rich in somatostatin. Eighty percent of the somatostatin immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus is found in cells of the anterior periventricular nucleus (Fig. 1, [1]). The gut 5 cells of the mucosa and neurons, which are intrinsic to the submucous and... 

The intermediate length systems include the tuberoinfundibular system, which projects from the arcuate and periventricular nuclei into the intermediate lobe of the pituitary and the median eminence. This system is responsible for the regulation of such hormones as prolactin. The inter hypothalamic neurons send projections to the dorsal and posterior hypothalamus, the lateral septal nuclei and the medullary periventricular group, which are linked to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus such projections may play a role in the effects of dopamine on the autonomic nervous system. 

Davis, E.C., Shryne, J.E., and Gorski, R.A. (1996) Structural sexual dimorphisms in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus of the rat hypothalamus are sensitive to gonadal steroids postnatally, but develop perlpubertally. Neuroendocrinology 63 142-148. 

Fig. 1. Location of dopaminergic perikarya (Au-A15) are depicted schematically on frontal sections (B-F) through the diencephalon of the rat. Section A is a sagittal view of the rat brain depicting the rostrocaudal location of frontal sections B-F. Abbreviations AH, anterior hypothalamus ARC, arcuate nucleus BST, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis f, fornix ic, internal capsule inf, infundibulum me, median eminence mt, mamillothalamic tract OC, optic chiasm ot, optic tract PH, posterior hypothalamus PIT, pituitary gland PeV, periventricular nucleus PVN, paraventricular nucleus RCH, retrochiasmatic area SON, supraoptic nucleus VMN, ventromedial nucleus ZI, zona incerta.

In adult rats, perikarya of TIDA neurons, originally described as comprising the A12 cell group (Dahlstrom and Fuxe, 1964), are distributed throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the ARC and adjacent periventricular nucleus of the mediobasal hypothalamus. Two populations of TH-containing neurons have been identified based on their neurochemical... 

Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is found in the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. It inhibits food intake in laboratory animals by countering the action of NPY (Lambert et al. 1998). 

Earlier investigations focused on peptides and other slow-acting agents as the principal neuroactive substances in neuronal circuits of the hypothalamus (Swanson, 1987). However, Van den Pol (1991) examined the presence Glu in several medial hypothalamic nuclei (the suprachiasmatic, arcuate, ventromedial, supraoptic and parvocellular and magnocellular periventricular nuclei) and detected a population of boutons displaying strong immunoreactiv-ity for Glu. Decavel and Van den Pol (1992) similarly found Glu-enriched terminals forming synapses with hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons (labeled by intravenous injections of... 

Preoptic region and hypothalamus Lateral preoptic area Medial preoptic area Medial preoptic nucleus Magnocellular preoptic nucleus Suprachiasmatic nucleus Supraoptic nucleus Anterior hypothalamic area Lateral hypothalamic area Periventricular nucleus Paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus Arcuate nucleus Dorsal hypothalamic area Ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus Compact part Tuber cinereum Posterior hypothalamic area Premammillary nucleus Supramammillary nucleus Medial mammillary nucleus Lateral mammillary nucleus... 

Hisano, S., Tsuruo, Y., Kagotani, Y., Daikoku, S. Chihara, K. (1990) Immunohistochemical evidence for synaptic connections between neuropeptide Y-containing axons and periventricular somatostatin neurons in the anterior hypothalamus in rats. Brain Res. 520, 170-177. 

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