Hyoscyamine, atropine, scopolamine

Hyoscyamine, Atropine, Scopolamine, Phenobarbital (Donnatal, oth s) Infliximab (Remicade) Lubiprostone (Amitiza) Mesalamine (Asacol, Lialda, Pentasa, Rowasa) Metoclopramide (Reglan, Clopra, Octamide)... 

Uses antidote for excessive cholinergic stimulation tremor treatment wide angle glaucoma stomach disorders preanesthesia Arco-Lase Plus -mixture of enzymes, hyoscyamine, atropine, and phenobarbital Donnatal -hyoscyamine, atropine, scopolamine, and phenobarbital... 

Parker et al. separated hyoscyamine (atropine), scopolamine and homatropine on packed columns... 

Structure occurrence The T. a. occur principally in plants of the Solanaceae, Convolvulaceae, Eryth-roxylaceae, Proteaceae, and Rhizophoraceae families as well as in isolated species of the Euphorbiaceae and Brassicaceae. The most important of the ca. 140 known T. a. are either esters of 3a-tropanol (tropine) or, less commonly, of 3/S-tropanol (pseudotropine). Prominent examples are the T. a. of the Solanaceae hyoscya-mine [racemate ( )-hyoscyamine= atropine], scopolamine, and the T. a. of the Erythroxylaceae (Coca... 

Tropane Tropine Tropine, hyoscyamine, atropine, scopolamine Paraspasmolytic... 

Fig. 3.18 Chemotaxonomy and phylogeny of the Solanaceae. The provisional phylogenetic tree of Fig. 2.2 is shown here again though without terms for the clades in order to have a clear structure in favour of metabolite symbols. Plotted on the tree is the occurrence of three dominant and characteristic classes of secondary metabolites of the Solanaceae family with two subclasses in one case (I) Tropane alkaloids (two subclasses), (11) steroidal alkaloids/glycoalkaloids, (III) with-anoUdes/withasteroids. These metabolites are indicated by the following symbols. Co-occurrence of different classes (rather rare) is also indicated, i.e., by two corresponding symbols. Filled square tropane alkaloids of the structural types T5, T6, and T7-A - T7-B (very poisonous ester alkaloids with a tropic acid residue, e.g., hyoscyamine/atropine, scopolamine and their derivatives). Taxa highlighted by dt filled square may also show co-occurrence with tropane alkaloids of the following subclass according to Table 3.1 however, this is not highlighted in such cases. Open square tropane alkaloids of the structural types T1 - T4, T7-C, and T7-D (ester alkaloids of...

Poisoning with hyoscyamine/atropine, scopolamine, and solanaceous plant matoM containing this type of alkaloids is due to a parasympathetic blockade characterized by tachycardia, mydriasis, central excitement, strong motor restlessness, hallucinations. 

The military mass intoxications mentioned above were mostly accidental. But in his review, Goodman also includes a history of the deliberate military use of atropine and atropine-like substances, i.e., hyoscyamine (atropine) and hyoscine (scopolamine), both obtainable from plant sources. In one instance ... 

A. Alkaloids 1. Belladonna-type solanaceous tropane alkaloids [Atropine (1), (—)-Hyoscyamine (2), Scopolamine ((—)-Hysoscine)(3)] Atropa belladonna L. (belladonna), Datura metel L., D. stramonium L. (jimson weed), Hyoscyamus niger L. (henbane), Mandragora officinarum L. (European mandrake), and other solanaceous species Anticholinergics (parasympatholytics)... 

Sradycard/a Atropine is used in the suppression of vagally mediated bradycardias. Preoperative medication Atropine, scopolamine, hyoscyamine, and glycopyrrolate are used as preanesthetic medication to control bronchial, nasal, pharyngeal, and salivary secretions and to block cardiac vagal inhibitory reflexes during induction of anesthesia and intubation. Scopolamine is used for preanesthetic sedation and for obstetric amnesia. 

Mechanism of Action Competitive inhibitors of the muscarinic actions of acetylcholine, acting at receptors located in exocrine glands, smooth and cardiac muscle, and intramural neurons. Composed of 3 main constituents atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine. Scopolamine exerts greater effects on the CNS, eye, and secretory glands than the constituents atropine and hyoscyamine. Atropine exerts more activity on the heart, intestine, and bronchial muscle and exhibits a more prolonged duration of action compared to scopolamine. Hyoscyamine exerts similar actions to atropine but has more potent central and peripheral nervous system effects. TherapeuticEffect Peripheral anticholinergic and antispasmodic action, mild sedation. Pharmacokinetics None known... 

The alkaloids namely atropine, hyoscyamine and scopolamine are obtained from Atropa belladonna. Atropine is dl-hyoscyamine, and, 1-isomer is more potent than d-form both peripherally and centrally. Atropine blocks the muscarinic effects of acetylcholine, the antagonism between acetylcholine and atropine is of competitive... 

Treatment of colitis Donnatal and Kinesed - mixture of phenobarbital, scopolamine, hyoscyamine, atropine (what a combination )... 

Note The best-known antimuscarinic or anticholinergic drugs are the belladonna alkaloids. The major drugs in this class are atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine. A number of plants belonging to the potato family (Solanaceae) contain similar alkaloids. Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade), Hyoscyamus niger (henbane), Datura stramonium (jimsonweed or thorn apple), and several species of Scopolia also contain belladonna alkaloids. 

S. Paphassarang, J. Raynaud, R. Godeau, and A. M. Binsard, Quantitative and qualitative analyses of hyoscyamine-atropine and scopolamine in pure tincture of solanaceae by HPLC, J. Chromatogr., 579 412(1985). 

Enzymatic degradation of several TTA and QTA by atropinesterase from rabbit serum was investigated by John et al. [50], It was found that all TTA tested (atropine, 5-hyoscyamine, littorine, scopolamine, homatropine and cocaine) were hydrolysed (ester cleavage) by atropinesterase with different velocities... 

The family Solanaceae, made up of more than 2,400 species, is especially noteworthy. Many of its members contain the alkaloids atropine (dl-hyoscyamine) and scopolamine (hyosdne). Atropine shows up in mandrake root, henbane and thorn apple it constitutes just over 4.5 percent of the asthmatic preparation called Asthmador. Schultes and Hofmann claim that there are no reports on the effects of atropine alone "which could explain the addition of belladonna as an ingredient of magic brews in medieval Europe. But Hoffer and Osmond recall several historical incidents that attest to its psychoactivity. One story involved a family of five who in 1963 ate tomato plants that had been grafted onto jimson weed, producing 6.36 mg. of atropine per tomato "All five developed deliroid reactions of varying intensity and some had to be treated in the hospital several days. This seems to be the first known instance of hallucinogenic tomatoes. ... 

Tropane alkaloids are an important class of natural products possessing different and interesting pharmacological activities. Hyoscyamine (atropine in the racemate form), scopolamine, and cocaine are the major representatives of this class. They are commonly found in plant materials, mainly in genera belonging to three families Solanaceae, Erythroxylaceae, and Convolvulaceae. The importance of these compounds requires that there are accurate analytical methods for their determination in plants and in biological matrices. This chapter describes the state-of-the-art of analytical procedures (extraction and analysis) for analyzing tropane alkaloids. 

This group contains five of the substances said to have been administered to volunteers, but only three of these are mentioned in the 58 reports related to studies of the effects of anticholinergic compounds on human beings atropine, scopolamine, and methylscopolammonlum. The other two substances in this group that were administered to volunteers are D-hyoscyamine and methylatroplnium. Atropine and scopolamine appear, respectively, in 18 and 11 reports, whereas methylscopolammonlum salts appear in only three ... 

---