Salts hydroxide

Hydroxide salts are made up of a metal and the nomnetal hydroxide radical -OH The name always ends with the word hydroxide. They are water-reactive and, when in contact with water, release heat and form a corrosive liquid. In the following example, calcium metal is combined with the hydroxide radical the resulting compound is calcium hydroxide, a hydroxide salt. Ca+ + OH = Ca(OH), calcium hydroxide, a hydroxide salt, releases heat and forms a corrosive liquid, calcium hydroxide, in contact with water. 

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An alternative method of purification, well adapted for large scale practice, is as follows. Dissolve the crude sulphapyridine in 1-05 mols of 30 per cent. u>/v sodium hydroxide, salt out the sodium derivative with excess of sodium chloride,... 

As the alkaloid was extracted with hexane, acetone, and ethanol, subjected to column chromatography, acidified (AcOH) and then neutralized (NaOH), the cationic form was formulated as a hydroxide salt. However, only two OH groups were detectable on H NMR spectroscopy. Only slight differences were found in the UV spectra taken in methanol [kmax (loge) = 218 (4.68), 302 (4.39), 394 (4.08) nm] and methanol+NaOH [T-max (loge) = 228 (4.66), 310 (4.39) nm]. Three tautomeric forms can be formulated which are shown in Scheme 42. Two of them possess the isoquinolium-7-olate moiety. The H NMR data are presented in Table IV. They indeed unambiguously resemble the cationic species 112. 

Where phosphate is used for internal treatment programs, a variety of insoluble phosphate and hydroxide salts are produced to form sludges. If these sludges are not properly held in a suspension by the use of appropriate polymeric dispersants (and then blown down from the boiler within a certain period), they will deposit on heat exchange surfaces as hard, adherent scales. 

The units are correct, and the overall solubility is low, as we expect for a hydroxide salt. 

X 10, you should be able to show that the hydroxide salt is 28 orders of magnitude more soluble in... 

Bauxite, the main aluminum ore, is a mixed oxide-hydroxide, A1(0)0H, contaminated with Si02, Fc2 O3, clay, and other hydroxide salts. To isolate the aluminumcontaining material, the ore is treated with a strongly basic solution, whose high hydroxide concentration causes the solid to dissolve as a soluble complex ion,... 

Feitknecht, W. Schindler, P, Solubility Constant of Metal Oxides, Metal Hydroxides and Metal Hydroxide Salts in Aqueous Solution, Butterworths, London, 1963. 

Preparation and Properties of Barium Salt. The catalyst used to prepare this new class of crystallizing polybutadienes consists of a barium t-butoxide-hydroxide salt in combination with an organolithium ( 8, 9, 10). Rather specific preparative techniques must be used in forming this barium salt, as shown in Figure 1. The use of an amine solvent provided quantitative conversion of the metal to barium salts. 

Figure 1. Preparation of Ba t-butoxide-hydroxide salt for polymerization catalyst.

Polymer Preparation. A more recent modification in the molecular structure of styrene-butadiene copolymers has been obtained with the discovery of a new catalyst system (6). The catalyst consists of a barium t-alkoxide-hydroxide salt together with a complex of dialkylmagnesium and trialkylaluminum. 

Figure 3.12 Demonstration of the extent of the alkaline error, showing plots of the deviations in pH measurement under aqueous alkaline conditions as determined with a standard glass electrode (the Coming 015 ). The figures in parentheses represent the concentrations of the metal hydroxide salt in mol dm". From Christian, G. D., Analytical Chemistry, 5th Edn, Wiley, 1994. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley Sons, Inc.

Strong base A metal hydroxide salt that completely dissociates into its ions in water. 

Recovery of Lead. This study was conducted by adding lead nitrate to water. The pH was adjusted to 2.5 to avoid chemical precipitation of lead as the hydroxide. Salts were not added in this experiment because the presence of sulfate in the salts might have caused the lead to precipitate as lead sulfate. 

The Thalliumdiethyl Hydroxide Salt, CH3.CgH2-(N02),.0. T1 (C2Hs), ben-red pltlts, mp-blackened at 215° and exploded with great violence at 219° was prepd by Goddard (Ref 6) This compd is insol in CC14 petr eth, gives a yel soln in acet and... 

A very important and large group of the artificial colours is that composed of definite metallic compounds (oxides, hydroxides, salts) or of mixtures of two or more compounds, or of carbon either alone or associated with other substances. Metallic pigments consist of powdered metals. The lakes, formed from organic colouring matters fixed on mineral substances—mostly metallic oxides—are usually considered among the mineral colours. 

Quaternary ammonium salts of dantrolene and clodanolene have been prepared, and the effect of the organic cation on the aqueous solubility has been reported (Ellis et al., 1980). It was reasoned that since the hydantoin moiety in each drug is weakly acidic, a strong base should be found for salt formation. The 13 different quaternary ammonium compounds were therefore used in the hydroxide salt form. The acid-base reaction proceeded rapidly, and the salt products were stable during recrystallization steps. Of the four salts for clodanolene, the aqueous solubilities ranged from 2- to 100-fold that of clodanolene sodium, on a mass basis. Of the 11 salts for dantrolene, the benzyl-trimethyl ammonium salt exhibited comparable solubility to that of dantrolene sodium. Among the other 10 salts were several examples that yielded enhanced solubilities of up to 1000-fold that of the sodium salt. Twelve of the Lfteen salts successfully demonstrated muscle relaxant activity when administered orally. 

Newman, S. P. and Jones, W. (1999). Comparative study of some layered hydroxide salts containing exchangeable interlayer anions. J. Solid State Chem. 148, 26. 

Elimination of the quaternary ammonium salt generally takes place by the E2 mechanism, which requires a strong base. To provide the base, the quaternary ammonium iodide is converted to the hydroxide salt by treatment with silver oxide. 

For example, when butan-2-amine is exhaustively methylated, converted to the hydroxide salt, and heated, elimination takes place to form a mixture of but-l-ene and but-2-ene. 

Hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid reacts with hydrazine to form a precipitate of triazanium hydrogensulfate (H2NNH2 NH2)+ HS04. Reaction of this solution with an appropriate barium salt in 0.1 M aqueous solution yielded solutions of the nitrate, perchlorate, chlorate, acetate, cyanide, bromide, and hydroxide salts. The stability of the salts decreases in the order hydrogen sulfate > nitrate > perchlorate > chlorate > acetate > azide > cyanide > bromide > hydroxide. The stabihty of the solutions decreases with decreasing H+ concentration, thus stronger acids form more stable salts. 

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