Hydrolyzing enzymes

MgATP hydrolysis and electron transfer between the two proteins seems not to be direct and the order of reactions may depend on the precise conditions of the experiment at low temperature, electron transfer seems to be reversible (see Ref. 12) for a discussion). One innovation is incorporation of data in which the release of inorganic phosphate was monitored. With other MgATP hydrolyzing enzymes, this step is often the work step in which the energy released by MgATP hydrolysis is utilized. With nitrogenase this step takes place before the dissociation of the two proteins 106). 

In many cases, the racemization of a substrate required for DKR is difficult As an example, the production of optically pure cc-amino acids, which are used as intermediates for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and as chiral synfhons in organic chemistry [31], may be discussed. One of the important methods of the synthesis of amino acids is the hydrolysis of the appropriate hydantoins. Racemic 5-substituted hydantoins 15 are easily available from aldehydes using a commonly known synthetic procedure (Scheme 5.10) [32]. In the next step, they are enantioselectively hydrolyzed by d- or L-specific hydantoinase and the resulting N-carbamoyl amino acids 16 are hydrolyzed to optically pure a-amino acid 17 by other enzymes, namely, L- or D-specific carbamoylase. This process was introduced in the 1970s for the production of L-amino acids 17 [33]. For many substrates, the racemization process is too slow and in order to increase its rate enzymes called racemases are used. In processes the three enzymes, racemase, hydantoinase, and carbamoylase, can be used simultaneously this enables the production of a-amino acids without isolation of intermediates and increases the yield and productivity. Unfortunately, the commercial application of this process is limited because it is based on L-selective hydantoin-hydrolyzing enzymes [34, 35]. For production of D-amino acid the enzymes of opposite stereoselectivity are required. A recent study indicates that the inversion of enantioselectivity of hydantoinase, the key enzyme in the... 

Atwood, S. S. and Sullivan, J. T. 1943. Inheritance of a cyanogenic glycoside and its hydrolyzing enzyme in Trifolium repens. J. Heredity 34 311-320. 

Gibson, P. B., Barnett, J. T. and Gillingham, J. T. 1972. Cyanoglucoside and hydrolyzing enzyme in species related to Trifolium repens. Crop Sci. 12 708-709. 

DeFrank 11, WT Beaudry, T-C Cheng, SP Harvey, AN Stroup, LL Szafraniec (1993) Screening of halophiliuc bacteria and Alteromonas species for organophosphorus hydrolyzing enzyme activity. Chem-Biol Interact 87 141-148. 

The clearing effect of heparin on blood is associated with release of the triglyceride-hydrolyzing enzyme lipoproteinlipase (LPL) from the surface of endothelial cells.458,459 In addition to a number of apparently equivalent lipases from different tissues,459 heparin also releases a hepatic lipase.460,461 As suggested by the results of affinity-chromatography studies, this release is probably associated with binding of the polysaccharide to the enzyme. 62,463 Because other polyanions,464 including the... 

O Reilly, C. and Turner, P.D. (2003) The nitrilase family of CN hydrolyzing enzymes - a comparative study. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 95, 1161-1174. 

The cuticle, being attached to the epidermal cells via a pectinaceous layer, can be released by disruption of this layer by chemicals such as ammonium oxalate/oxalic acid or by pectin-degrading enzymes. After treatment of the recovered cuticular layer with carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes to remove the remaining attached carbohydrates, the soluble waxes can be removed by ex-... 

Polyesters, such as microbially produced poly[(P)-3-hydroxybutyric acid] [poly(3HB)], other poly[(P)-hydroxyalkanoic acids] [poly(HA)] and related biosynthetic or chemosynthetic polyesters are a class of polymers that have potential applications as thermoplastic elastomers. In contrast to poly(ethylene) and similar polymers with saturated, non-functionalized carbon backbones, poly(HA) can be biodegraded to water, methane, and/or carbon dioxide. This review provides an overview of the microbiology, biochemistry and molecular biology of poly(HA) biodegradation. In particular, the properties of extracellular and intracellular poly(HA) hydrolyzing enzymes [poly(HA) depolymerases] are described. 

As it has been pointed out above, poly(HA)-degrading microorganisms, in particular the poly(HA)-hydrolyzing enzymes, differ highly in their substrate specificities for various poly(HA). Furthermore the physico-chemistry of the polymer itself also has a strong impact on its biodegradability. The most important... 

Karvinen, J., Laitala, V., Makinen, M. L., Mulari, O., Tamminen, J., Hermonen, J., Hurskainen, P. and Hemmila, I. (2004). Fluorescence quenching-based assays for hydrolyzing enzymes. Application of time-resolved fluorometry in assays for caspase, helicase, and phosphatase. Anal. Chem. 76, 1429-1436. 

Hyaluronic Add Sulfate.—Meyer and Chaffee108 showed that this mucopolysaccharide of the cornea was a true derivative of hyaluronic acid, since it could be hydrolyzed enzymically by what is now known as hyaluronidase. ... 

Pigman,22 in an investigation of the inulin-hydrolyzing enzymes in commercial enzyme preparations, has noted the same pH for optimum activity. He concludes that the inulases and invertases are different enzymes or that they represent a class of enzymes in which the individual members vary according to source. 

The indomethacin-hydrolyzing enzyme from pig liver microsomes was purified and partially characterized [60]. The enzyme was found to be different from known pig liver esterases, since it did not hydrolyze naphth-l-yl-acetate and (4-nitrophenyl)acetate, which are typical substrates for these car-boxy lesterases. The amino acid sequence of the enzyme showed high homology with the mouse carboxylesterase isoenzyme ES-male. Human liver car-... 

Y.-H. Park, S. S. Lee, Identification and Characterization of Capsaicin-Hydrolyzing Enzymes Purified from Rat Liver Microsomes , Biochem. Mol. Int. 1994, 34, 351-360. 

K. Terashima, S. Takai, Y. Usami, T. Adachi, T. Sugiyama, Y. Katagiri, K. Hirano, Purification and Partial Characterisation of an Indomethacin Hydrolyzing Enzyme from Pig Liver , Pharm. Res. 1996, 13, 1327-1330. 

The clotting factors are protein molecules. Activation mostly means proteolysis (cleavage of protein fragments) and, with the exception of fibrin, conversion into protein-hydrolyzing enzymes (proteases). Some activated factors require the presence of phospholipids (PL) and Ca + for their proteolytic activity. Conceivably, Ca + ions cause the adhesion of factor to a phospholipid surface, as depicted in C. Phospholipids are contained in platelet factor 3 (PF3), which is released from ag-Lullmann, Color Atlas of Pharmacology 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. 

Patients with cystic fibrosis use aerosol inhaler sprays of the DNA-hydrolyzing enzyme deoxyribonuclease to help reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions, which contain large amounts of DMA arising from destruction of WBCs as they fight lung Infections. 

Apart from nitrile-hydrolyzing enzymes, some esterases and cutinases have been used for surface hydrolysis of PAN [74], These enzyme were shown to specifically hydrolyse vinyl acetate moieties present as co-monomer in many commercial PAN materials, with no changes in crystallinity as determined by X-ray diffraction [74],... 

---