Hydrographic parameters

The comparability of data is an important supposition for the international cooperation. Thus, intercalibrations and intercomparisons were already performed very early in the Baltic Sea area. The IfM and the lOW participated in the adequate activities inside and outside of this area. The most important intercalibrations and intercomparisons for hydrographic parameters and nutrients are listed in Table 3.4. The adequate exercises for organic phosphorus, organic nitrogen, and organic carbon as well as for harmful substances are treated in the relevant chapters. 

Intercalibrations for hydrographic parameters and nutrients have also been organized between the Baltic countries belonging to the former East Block in the frame of the COMECON Programme World Ocean. They are only exceptionally published in scientific journals (e.g., Grasshoff, 1966). 

The Effects on the Hydrographic Parameters Temperature, Salinity, and Oxygen Concentration... 

Spill Science Technology Bulletin 1 11-21 Griiner K, Reuter R, Smid H (1991) A New Sensor System for Airborne Measurements of Maritime Pollution and of Hydrographic Parameters. GeoJoumal 24 103-117... 

Nehring, D., Matthaus, W., 1991. Current trends in hydrographic and chemical parameters and eutrophication in the Baltic Sea. Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrohiologie, 76, 297-316. 

The hydrographic and chemical standard parameters under investigation are summarized in Section 3.4. The standard distances of sampling depths are 5 m until 20 m, 10 m until 100 m, 25 m until 200 m, and 50 m below 200 m greatest depth is as near as possible to the bottom. Information on the biological parameters under investigation and their sampl i ng will be found in Chapters 15-17. 

A synoptic characterization of the entire area of the Baltic Sea is hardly possible because conditions vary considerably at the local level. Therefore, separate descriptions of meteorological and hydrographic conditions will be given for the individual areas. The typical ice conditions will be described with respect to each area. The mean and extreme values of some important ice parameters (beginning and end of the ice season, number of days with ice, duration of the ice season and thickness of level ice if known) for selected stations can be found in Table 8.2. Relative frequency of ice occurrence in the B altic Seals shown in Fig. 8.4. 

Table 3.28. Hydrographic and meteorological parameters and CO2 fluxes in Jiaozhou Bay during one year (Li et al., 2008) (With permission from Elsevier s Copyright Clearance Center)...

Anonymous (1938). Charles G. Edson. Olio yearbook lA. Amherst MA. P Anonymous (1954). Edson, Charles G. Who s who in engineering 7 700. Lewis New York. Edson, C.G. (1951). Parameters for relating unit hydrographs to watershed characteristics. 

The maximum rates of change of flow and of level can be read directly from the hydrograph for maximum flow and level. It should be noted that periods of maximum increase or decrease in flow may not coincide with the corresponding periods of maximum increase or decrease in level. If these parameters are critical for the design of certain structures important to safety such as levees, consideration should be given to the possibility that small area precipitation on sub-basins of the watershed may lead to faster rates of increase or decrease in the level. 

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