Hydrogen transportation truck

Seamless steel pressure vessels are the most common method in use today for hydrogen transportation at short distances (<200 km) and when small quantities are involved (up to about 500 kg). The different vessel options include cylinders, manifolded cylinder pallets and tube trailers. While single cylinders or manifolded pallets are trucked to the destination and off loaded, tube trailers, which consist of several steel cylinders mounted to a protective framework, are often left in place and replaced when empty. Transporting hydrogen in liquefied form is seven times more efficient in terms of actual hydrogen weight transported than using compressed gas cylinders. 

Vehicle-bound distribution systems for both gaseous and liquid hydrogen encompass trucks, rail cars and ships. A tank ship transport of LH2 is reasonable if transported over long distances. The comparatively low volumetric energy density of LH2, however, requires very large tank ships and a much higher fraction of the hydrogen transported is needed for the transport itself. 

Among the many candidates of hydrogen transportation or seasonal storage methods, the H2 evolution from cyclohexanes at the demand site and the reverse reaction, the hydrogenation of benzene, at the supply site offers the advantages of safe and commonly used transport at ambient temperature in chemical tank ships or trucks and mild reaction conditions. Cyclohexanes have a hydrogen density and content comparable with metal hydrides [8]. Methylcyclohexane is the choice of preference, since unlike benzene, toluene is not carcinogenic. 

The fuel and labor costs of metal hydride truck transport are found using the same calculations as those used for gaseous hydrogen transport, adjusting for the number of trips necessary based on the capacities of the vehicles. Therefore, total cost is found in the same way, with the annual capital cost adjusted for the unit differences. 

As transport distance increases, so do transportation costs. Figure 7.6 illustrates the sensitivity of transportation options to transport rates for a higher transportation distance of 1000 miles. For example, gaseous hydrogen transport by truck would cost about 10 /kg for a transportation distance of 1000 miles compared to a cost of just over 1 /kg for a transportation distance of 100 miles (Figure 7.5) regardless of the transportation rate. As with shorter transportation distances, pipeline... 

Hydrogen transportation requires special pipelines and transportation in liquefied or pressurized hydrogen vessels, possibly by train or truck. If the decision to make a transition to a hydrogen economy is adopted at some point in the future, a careful plan will be needed, possibly including an initial phase characterized by underutilized infrastructure. Co-opting the present natural gas infrastructure remains an open issue as it will probably be unsuitable (Adams et al., 2005). 

Ammonia is the precursor for many other chemicals such as nitric acid, hydrazine, acrylonitrile, and hexamethylenediamine. Ammonia, having three hydrogen atoms per molecule, may be viewed as an energy source. It has been proposed that anhydrous liquid ammonia may be used as a clean fuel for the automotive industry. Compared with hydrogen, anhydrous ammonia is more manageable. It is stored in iron or steel containers and could be transported commercially via pipeline, railroad tanker cars, and highway tanker trucks. The oxidation reaction could be represented as ... 

The produced fluids and gases are typically directed into separation vessels. Under the influence of gravity, pressure, heat, retention times, and sometimes electrical fields, separation of the various phases of gas, oil, and water occurs so that they can be drawn off in separate streams. Suspended solids such as sediment and salt will also be removed. Deadly hydrogen sulfide (H2S), is sometimes also encountered, which is extracted simultaneously with the petroleum production. Crude oil containing H2S can be shipped by pipeline and used as a refinery feed but it is undesirable for tanker or long pipeline transport. The normal commercial concentration of impurities in crude oil sales is usually less than 0.5% BS W (Basic Sediment and Water) and 10 Ptb (Pounds of salt per 1,000 barrels of oil). The produced liquids and gases are then transported to a gas plant or refinery by truck, railroad tank car, ship, or pipeline. Large oil field areas normally have direct outlets to major, common-carrier pipelines. 

The overall production of GHG emissions greatly depends on the electricity source, which feeds the electrolyser at an annual average. In the case of renewable electricity, the specific GHG emissions become almost negligible. Furthermore, if adding a liquefaction stage to provide liquid hydrogen (LH2) to the filling station, small amounts of specific GHG emissions have to be taken into account, which result from the transport of LH2 in diesel-operated trucks. 

For road transport, liquid hydrogen (LH2) is transported in cylindrical super insulated cryogenic vessels in a semitrailer (see Fig. 12.5). The gross weight of a truck capable of carrying the LH2 container is typically about 401. The investment for a LH2 semitrailer amounts to about 500 000. The investment for a tractor capable to haul a semitrailer is about 160000. Table 12.3 displays the technical characteristics of hydrogen trailers. 

The running cost of the generated hydrogen was carried out by processing 10 tons of the biomass. It was transported by truck for 16. The cost of 1 kg of ptrri-fied hydrogen is only 0.68 (Rabah and Eldighidy, 1989). 

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