Industrial processes hydrogen sulfide

Tamhankar, S. S., Bagajewicz, M., Gavalas, G. R., Sharma, P. K., Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, M. 1986. Mixed-oxide sorbents for high-temperature removal of hydrogen sulfide. Industrial and Engineering Chemical Process Design and Development 25 429-437. 

Sulfur, another inorganic petrochemical, is obtained by the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide 2H2S + O2 — 2H2 0 + 2S. Hydrogen sulfide is a constituent of natural gas and also of the majority of refinery gas streams, especially those off-gases from hydrodesulfurization processes. A majority of the sulfur is converted to sulfuric acid for the manufacture of fertilizers and other chemicals. Other uses for sulfur include the production of carbon disulfide, refined sulfur, and pulp and paper industry chemicals. 

Elemental phosphoms from the electrothermal process is a distilled product of high purity and yields phosphoric acid pure enough for most industrial uses without any further treatment. The main impurity is ca 20—100 ppm arsenic present in the phosphoms as the element and in the phosphoric acid as arsenious acid. To remove the arsenic, the phosphoric acid destined for food, pharmaceutical, and some industrial-grade appHcations is treated with excess hydrogen sulfide, filtered, and blown with air to strip out excess H2S. This treatment generally reduces the arsenic content of the phosphoric acid to less than 0.5 ppm. The small amount of filter cake is disposed of in approved chemical landfills. 

ZeoHte-based materials are extremely versatile uses include detergent manufacture, ion-exchange resins (ie, water softeners), catalytic appHcations in the petroleum industry, separation processes (ie, molecular sieves), and as an adsorbent for water, carbon dioxide, mercaptans, and hydrogen sulfide. 

Acid-Gatalyzed Synthesis. The acid-catalysed reaction of alkenes with hydrogen sulfide to prepare thiols can be accompHshed using a strong acid (sulfuric or phosphoric acid) catalyst. Thiols can also be prepared continuously over a variety of soHd acid catalysts, such as seoHtes, sulfonic acid-containing resin catalysts, or aluminas (22). The continuous process is utilised commercially to manufacture the more important thiols (23,24). The acid-catalysed reaction is commonly classed as a Markownikoff addition. Examples of two important industrial processes are 2-methyl-2-propanethiol and 2-propanethiol, given in equations 1 and 2, respectively. 

Solutions of iron chelates can be used to remove hydrogen sulfide and oxides of sulfur and nitrogen in industrial gas scmbbing processes (41,50,51) before flue gases are released to the atmosphere. 

The industrial processes used for reduction are catalytic hydrogenation, iron reduction (aqueous neutral or acidic, or solvent), and sulfide reduction. 

Hydrogen sulfide Refinery gases, crude oil, sulfur recovery, various chemical industries using sulfur compounds Petroleum and chemicals Kraft pulping process Foul odor of rotten eggs irritating to eyes and respiratory tract darkening exterior paint... 

A substantial portion of fhe gas and vapors emitted to the atmosphere in appreciable quantity from anthropogenic sources tends to be relatively simple in chemical structure carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitric oxide from combustion processes hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen fluoride from industrial processes. The solvents and gasoline fractions that evaporate are alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics with relatively simple structures. In addition, more complex... 

Figure 4-13 shows an example from a three-dimensional model simulation of the global atmospheric sulfur balance (Feichter et al, 1996). The model had a grid resolution of about 500 km in the horizontal and on average 1 km in the vertical. The chemical scheme of the model included emissions of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) from the oceans and SO2 from industrial processes and volcanoes. Atmospheric DMS is oxidized by the hydroxyl radical to form SO2, which, in turn, is further oxidized to sulfuric acid and sulfates by reaction with either hydroxyl radical in the gas phase or with hydrogen peroxide or ozone in cloud droplets. Both SO2 and aerosol sulfate are removed from the atmosphere by dry and wet deposition processes. The reasonable agreement between the simulated and observed wet deposition of sulfate indicates that the most important processes affecting the atmospheric sulfur balance have been adequately treated in the model. 

The latter reaction has been studied numerous times because of its relevance for the autoxidation of hydrogen sulfide in seawater and other aqueous systems [112, 113]. 8ince the polysulfide ions can be further oxidized to elemental sulfur which precipitates from the solution, these reactions are the basis for several industrially important desulfurization processes (e.g., the 8tretford, 8ulfolin, Lo-Cat, 8ulFerox, and Bio-8R processes) [114] ... 

Aluminum and silicon bronzes are very popular in the process industries because they combine good strength with corrosion resistance. Copper-beryllium alloys offer the greatest strength and excellent corrosion resistance in seawater and are resistant to stress-corrosion cracking in hydrogen sulfide. 

Workers employed at facilities that manufacture or use hydrogen sulfide in the production process are especially prone to exposure. Such industries include the manufacture of rayon textiles, lubricants, pulp and paper, and sulfuric acid and inorganic sulfides. Workers in facilities where hydrogen sulfide is produced as a byproduct, such as farms with manure storage pits, petroleum or natural gas drilling operations, landfills, and waste-water treatment plants, may also be exposed to high levels. 

Sie, S. T., Reaction Order and Role of Hydrogen Sulfide in Deep Hydrodesulfurization of Gas Oil Consequences for Industrial Reactor Configuration. Fuel Process. Technol, 1999. 61 p. 149. 

Benfield [Benson and Field] A process for removing carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and other acid gases from industrial gas streams by scrubbing with hot aqueous potassium carbonate containing activators ... 

Bio-SR A process for removing hydrogen sulfide from gas streams. Developed by NKK Industries, Japan. It uses a solution of unchelated iron, regenerated microbiologically. 

Cataban A process for removing small amounts of hydrogen sulfide from industrial gas streams by oxidation, in aqueous solution, to elemental sulfur. The oxidant is the ferric ion,... 

DIAMOX A process for removing hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen cyanide from coke oven gas by absorption in aqueous ammonia. Developed by Mitsubishi Chemical Industries and Mitsubishi Kakoki Kaisha and operated in Japan. 

Fluor Solvent A process for removing carbon dioxide from natural gas and various industrial gas streams by dissolution in propylene carbonate. Carbon dioxide is much more soluble than other common gases in this solvent at low temperatures. The process cannot be used when hydrogen sulfide is present. The process was invented in 1958 by A. L. Kohl and F. E. Miller at the Fluor Corporation, Los Angeles. It is now licensed by Fluor Daniel. The first plant was built for the Terrell County Treating plant, El Paso, TX in 1960 by 1985, 13 plants were operating. 

Fumaks A process for removing hydrogen sulfide from coke-oven gas by oxidation with picric acid. Developed by Sumitomo Metals Industries, and used in 11 units in Japan from 1972 to 1997. 

Konox A process for removing hydrogen sulfide from industrial gases by absorption in aqueous sodium ferrate (Na2Fe04) solution. The ferrate is reduced to ferrite (NaFe02) and the sulfide is oxidized to elemental sulfur. The main reactions are ... 

Manchester A variation on the Ferrox process for removing hydrogen sulfide from industrial gases in which several absorbers are used, and delay stages permit completion of the reaction with the iron oxide absorbent. Developed by the Manchester Corporation Gas Department in the 1940s and installed in several British gasworks. 

Wiewiorowski A process proposed for removing hydrogen sulfide from industrial gases by reacting it with sulfur dioxide in molten sulfur in the presence of an amine catalyst. Invented by T. K. Wieriorowski at the Freeport Sulfur Company, but not known to have been commercialized. 

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