Coal hydrogenation Germany

Report (ref. 13) 90 Coal-Hydrogenation-Germany (ref. 19) Coal Hydrogenation-Germany, Hydrocarbons Hyndiesis, Perro/eMW Press Service, 7 (1940) 31-32 Germany, Liquid Fuels (ref. 19). 

Ministry of Fuel and Power (ref. 12), 89 T.E. Warren, Inspection of hydrogenation and Fischer-Tropsch plants in western Germany during September 1945, FIAT, Final report no. 80, item no. 30 (London, 1945), 1-28, on 16-18 Germany, liquid fuels, V-syn-thetic oil plants-Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, (typed) Report 75687, Reference numbers 5.01-5.09 "Coal hydrogenation-Germany, hydrocarbons synthesis," Petroleum press service, 6 (1939), 529-532. 

Ministry of Fuel and Power (ibid.), 90 "Coal-hydrogenation-Germany" (ref. 18) "Coal hydrogenation-Germany, hydrocarbons synthesis," Petroleum press service, 1 (1940), 31-32 Germany, liquid fuels (ref. 18). 

Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) operated a coal hydrogenation plant at a pressure of 20 MPa (2900 psi) and a temperature of 400—500°C to produce Hquid hydrocarbon fuel from 1935 to the outbreak of World War II. As many as 12 such plants operated in Germany during World War II to make the country less dependent on petroleum from natural sources but the process was discontinued when hostihties ceased (see Coal conversion PROCESSES,liquefaction). Currentiy the Fisher-Tropsch process is being used at the Sasol plants in South Africa to convert synthesis gas into largely ahphatic hydrocarbons at 10—20 MPa and about 400°C to supply 70% of the fuel needed for transportation. 

Catalysts used in hydrotreatment (hydrodesulfurization, HDS) processes are the same as those developed in Germany for coal hydrogenation during World War II. The catalysts should be sulfur-resistant. The cobalt-molybdenum system supported on alumina was found to be an effective catalyst. 

The major operating difficulties that confronted Bergius s promising research on coal hydrogenation were not entirely technical, however. Obtaining sufficient research funds proved a serious problem in postwar, inflation-plagued Germany. To... 

United States. Yet, even at such low consumption, domestic resources were inadequate Germany imported 85 percent of her petroleum. By 1939, fifteen synthetic petroleum plants were in operation. In 1944, twenty-two coal hydrogenation and Fischer-Tropsch plants converted coal into gasoline and other petroleum products. 

Figure 1 Space-time-yield (volume/volume reactor/100 hours) of gasoline and middle oil for brown and bituminous coals as a function of composition of starting coal. Data from continuous coal hydrogenation facilities operating in Germany during the 1930 s.

Despite its smaller size and lower production, the 9 F-T plants contributed 455,000-576,000 metric tons of coal-derived oil per year during the war years 12-15 percent of Germany s total liquid fuel requirement. The historical analysis that follows examines the T-T s invention and industrial development during several decades of German social, political, and economic unrest and complements the historical literature on Germany s coal hydrogenation process. The... 

---