Hydrogen chloride generator

Water in the candles influences the evolution of chlorine and chlorine dioxide (9,10). Hydrogen chloride generated from trace impurities in the chlorate can react to produce the same compounds. 

Amines can also be purified via their salts, e.g. hydrochlorides. A solution of the amine in dry toluene, diethyl ether, dichloromethane or chloroform is saturated with dry hydrogen chloride (generated by addition of concentrated sulfuric acid to dry sodium chloride, or to concentrated HCl followed by drying the gas through sulfuric acid, or from a hydrogen chloride cylinder) and the insoluble hydrochloride is filte off and dissolved in water. The solution is made alkaline and the amine is extracted, as above. Hydrochlorides can also be prepared by dissolving the amine in ethanolic HCl and adding diethyl ether or petroleum ether. Where... 

An alternative procedure which is slower and gives slightly lower yields, but does not require a hydrogen chloride generator, is as follows . ... 

Vinyl chloride is also produced by the direct chlorination of ethylene and the reaction of acetylene and hydrogen chloride (structure 17.29). The hydrogen chloride generated in the chlorination of ethylene can be employed in reaction with acetylene allowing a useful coupling of these two reactions (equation 17.30). 

Copper (II) salts have been found to be inactive as catalysts for the reaction with the exception of the copper (II) carboxylates which are considerably less reactive. In addition, the polymerization of 2.6-xylenol in pyridine with copper (II) acetate as catalyst appears to terminate before high molecular weight polymers are formed. However, treatment of an amine complex of a copper (II) salt with an equivalent of a strong gives the active catalyst. Similarly, although copper (II) hydroxide in pyridine is inactive as a catalyst, treatment with an equivalent of hydrogen chloride generates the active catalyst. Hence it can be concluded that the active catalyst is a basic salt (XV). 

Place 100 g (1.53 mol) of zinc wool in a 1-litre three-necked flask and amalgamate it in accordance with Method 1 in Section 4.2.50, p. 467. Fit the flask with a sealed stirrer unit, an efficient double surface condenser and a lead-in tube dipping almost to the bottom of the flask for the introduction of hydrogen chloride gas (compare Figs 4.4 and 2.59) insert an empty wash bottle between the hydrogen chloride generator and the flask. Introduce through the condenser 250 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 50 ml of water, set the stirrer in motion and then add 40 g (0.35 mol) of heptan-4-one (Expt... 

Fig. 27.—Cylindrical separatory funnel, hydrogen chloride generator.

Hydrogen chloride, generated by mixing AcCl with EtOH, brings about Markovnikov hydrochlorination of alkenes in excellent yields. The products can be isolated in high purity by removal of the volatile components under reduced pressure.45... 

The reaction rates favor production of chlorobenzene over dichlorobenzene by 8.5 1, provided that the temperature is maintained below 60°C. The hydrogen chloride generated is washed free of chlorine with benzene, then absorbed in water. Distillation separates the chlorobenzene, leaving mixed isomers of dichlorobenzene. 

The proton which is removed is a bridge proton as shown by experiments 18> using selectively deuterated hexaborane(lO) 209) and the structure thus derived is consistent with the boron-11 nmr spectrum of thenonahydrohexaborate(—1) ion 18.179) which exhibits two symmetrical doublets in the area ratio of five to one (with the smaller peak at higher field). Furthermore, the reaction of the ion with anhydrous hydrogen chloride generates hexaborane(lO) in nearly quantitative yield 1M79). 

PVC degradation may be measured by the amount of hydrogen chloride generated, by discoloration, or by change of electrical resistivity. In Chapter 4. Novak describes a test apparatus which allows one to measure all three effects simultaneously. 

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