Hydrocarbons with More Than 10 Carbons

The naming of all the alkanes is based upon the number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms. If, for example, the longest chain contains four carbon atoms, the compound would be called butane. If it has five carbon atoms, it is pentane, and so on. 

Names of branched-chain hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives using the lUPAC system are based on the name of the longest continuous carbon chain in the molecule, with a number indicating the location of a branch or substituent. 

In order to locate the position of a branch or substituent, the carbon chain is numbered consecutively from one end to the other, starting at that end that gives the lowest numbers to the substituents. For example  

The prefixes di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, etc. indicate how many of each substituent is in the molecule. A cyclic (ring) hydrocarbon is designated by the prefix cyclo.  

Double bonds in hydrocarbons are indicated by changing the suffix ane to ene, and triple bonds by changing to yne. The position of the multiple bond within the structure is indicated by the number of the first or lowest-numbered carbon atom attached to the multiple bond. For example  

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Hydrocarbons with More Than 10 Carbons Nomenclatnre of Aromatic Componnds Monosnbstitnted Componnds Disnbstitnted Componnds Stndy Gnide... 

The general term annulene has been coined to apply to completely conjugated mono cyclic hydrocarbons with more than six carbons Cyclobutadiene and benzene retain then-names but higher members of the group are named [jcjannulene where x is the number of carbons m the ring Thus cyclooctatetraene becomes [8]annulene cyclodecapentaene becomes [10] annulene and so on... 

Aromatization of Hydrocarbons with More Than Six Carbon Atoms... 

Aromatization of hydrocarbons with more than six carbon atoms is thermodynamically even more favorable than the reaction of n-hexane 28). These hydrocarbons offer more than one way of cyclization, for example, n-octane may give either o-xylene or ethylbenzene. -Nonane can even give bicyclic products (indane system) (72). 

LG. Laing in Rodd s Chemistry of Carbon Compounds. A Modem Comprehensive Treatise. Vol. 3, Part C (2.) Aromatic Compounds. Nuclear substituted benzenoid Hydrocarbons with more than one nitrogen atom in the substituent group, S. 133 -215, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1973 A.J. Floyd, M. Sainsbury, Azo-Arenes in Supplement to Vol. 3, Part C, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Comp., S. 259-272, Amsterdam Oxford New York 1981. 

Saturated hydrocarbons with more than four carbon atoms have also been fluorinated, but under conditions where all the hydrogens are replaced by fluorine. However, another problem arises with this, rearrangement. The most thorough study34 is of C6-hydrocarbons (see Table 2). 

In hydrocarbons with more than three carbon atoms per molecule, more than one compound may exist with a given formula. The compounds have the same number of carbon atoms and the same number of hydrogen atoms. Such compounds are isomers of each other. Each isomer is a separate compound isomers are related only by having the same molecular formula. (Of course, their properties are similar because they are in the same class of hydrocarbons.) For example, the molecular formula C4H10 corresponds to the following two compounds, which are isomers of each other ... 

Petroleum is a mixture of many compounds, mainly hydrocarbons containing varying numbers of carbon atoms per molecule. Hydrocarbons with more than 12 carbon atoms per molecule are oily, greasy, or waxy substances. To produce smaller molecules, which are characteristic of hydrocarbons used as fuels, oil companies crack the petroleum by heating it in the absence of air. The heating causes some of the carbon-carbon bonds to break and results in the production of... 

The most important additional products observed at very high temperatures were ketene, methyl vinyl ketone and ethylene, as well as some saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons with more than two carbon atoms . The formation of carbon and tar, as well as the occurrence of wall catalytic effects were also reported . It is evident that new elementary reactions occur and the mechanism of the photolysis is rather complex above 300 °C. Brinton suggested a new ethane-producing reaction. Various possibilities were considered for the formation of ethylene, however, none of these can be regarded as adequately proved. 

Hydrocarbons in the aromatic EC>lg-EC35 fraction may be absorbed to varying extents following inhalation, oral, or dermal exposure, depending on the lipophilicity and molecular size of the compound and the vehicle of administration, as indicated by studies of humans exposed to workplace-air complex mixtures containing PAHs (i.e., hydrocarbons with more than two 5- or 6-carbon aromatic... 

The fact that no hydrogen adducts with m> 5 were observed suggests strongly a cumulenic carbon skeleton of C=C=(C=C=) ]C as stated in Section 9.2. Furthermore, the absence of the adducts with m>5 implies that the hydrogen atoms attack selectively the two terminal carbon atoms only that is to say, the cumulenic double bond refuses the addition of hydrogen atom to yield hydrocarbons with more than four hydrogen atoms. 

The analyses shown in Tables II and III were of the prepared water-soluble stock solution used by these investigators in different dilutions to test the toxicities of these compounds to marine organisms. Tables II and III show that the amount of hydrocarbons with more than 9 carbon atoms dissolved in water from an excess of crude oil is minor, compared with that of hydrocarbons with less than 10 carbon atoms. This latter fraction is 98.7% of total dissolved hydrocarbons for the South Louisiana crude oil and 99.6% for Kuwait (assuming that there is no contribution from hydrocarbons higher in molecular weight than phenanthrenes). 

A. Iron, cobalt, and nickel are the catalysts for the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide to hydrocarbons. Cobalt has the greatest tendency to produce aliphatic hydrocarbons with more than one carbon atom per molecule. Iron was less active and nickel showed too high a hydrogenation activity favoring the formation of methane. 

Polycyclic benzenoid hydrocarbons are compounds that contain two or more fused benzene rings. Fused rings share two adjacent carbons—naphthalene has two fused rings, anthracene and phenanthrene have three fused rings, and tetracene, triphenyl-ene, pyrene, and chrysene have four fused rings. There are many polycyclic benzenoid hydrocarbons with more than four fused rings. 

A similar trend in the influence of the R content in Y zeolites on their catalytic behavior has also been reported by other authors (Kirsch et al. 1972, Gardos et al. 1983). Thus, it appears that an increase in the R content produces an increase in the yield of hydrocarbons with more than 5 carbon atoms (Cs+) and a better product distribution (a higher yield of Cg and TMP/DMP ratio). 

They are tasteless and odorless white translucent solid hydrocarbons. The source of paraffin wax is a by-product of petroleum refinery. Typically, waxes are produced as extracted residues during the dewaxing of lubricant oil. It consists of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) atoms joined by single bonds with the general formula C H2 +2, where n is the number of carbons (C). Hydrocarbons with more than 17C atoms per molecule, they are waxy solids at room temperature. It is considered a paraffin... 

Fischer F, Tropsch H (1926) Process for the production of paraffin-hydrocarbons with more than one carbon atom. US Patent 1,746,464, filed Apr 1926... 

A nearly equimolar mixture of ethylene and ethane is to be separated. The stream is available at about 3 atm, and high-purity (greater than 99%) ethylene is desired at greater than 95% recovery. An adsoibent with reasonable selectivity has been found which will desorb ethylene either at pressures well below atmospheric, or in the presence of a Cj hydrocaibon or heavier, or in the presence of various inert gases. Ethylene in turn cannot displace hydrocarbons with more than four carbons, however. In Table 12.6-1, the tme statements are 1,6, 7, and 9. Statement 9 is considered to be true because ciyogenic distillation would be required to separate the ethylene from the inert or purge material. In Table 12.6-2 we see that PSA is the most likely choice, using vacuum desorption. 

In volumetric gas analysis it can be assumed that deviations from the ideal behavior do not introduce significant errors when molecular weights are small (e.g., O2, N2, CO, CH4). Only for hydrocarbons with more than two carbon atoms and for carbon dioxide must a correction be made according to Table 1. 

Normal hydrocarbons with more than about 150 carbon atoms can also form folded stmctures under appropriate conditions. 

Liquid alkanes with 9-17 carbon atoms have higher boiling points and are found in kerosene, diesel, and jet fnels. Motor oil is a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons and is used to lubricate the internal components of engines. Mineral oil is a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons and is used as a laxative and a lubricant. Alkanes with 18 or more carbon atoms are waxy solids at room temperatnre. Known as paraffins, these compounds are used in waxy coatings for fruits and vegetables to retain moisture, inhibit mold growth, and enhance appearance. Petrolatum, or Vaseline, is a semisolid mixtnre of liquid hydrocarbons with more than 25 carbon atoms nsed in ointments and cosmetics and as a lubricant. 

Figure 6.23a shows the conversion of the n-alkane as a function of temperature. In the hydrocracking reaction, the cracked products, which are formed by consecutive reactions of the isoalkane, are of interest. The maxima in the selectivity curves correspond to temperatures where cracking becomes dominant. Hydrocarbons with more than six carbon atoms can give doubly branched isomers. These molecules have an enhanced cracking rate, because yS-CH scission can occur via tertiary carbenium ions (Section 3.2.3). This shifts the selectivity for cracking of longer hydrocarbons to lower temperatures. 

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