Hydrocarbons => sulfur compound

A mammal may emit many volatile compounds. Humans, for instance, give off hundreds of volatiles, many of them chemically identified (Ellin etal., 1974). The volatiles include many classes of compound such as acids (gerbil), ketones, lactones, sulfides (golden hamster), phenolics (beaver, elephant), acetates (mouse), terpenes (elephant), butyrate esters (tamarins), among others. The human samples mentioned before contained hydrocarbons, unsaturated hydrocarbons, alcohols, acids, ketones, aldehydes, esters, nitriles, aromatics, heterocyclics, sulfur compounds, ethers, and halogenated hydrocarbons. Sulfur compounds are found in carnivores, such as foxes, coyotes, or mustelids. The major volatile compound in urine of female coyotes, Canis latrans, is methyl 3-methylhut-3-enyl sulfide, which accounts for at least 50% of all urinary volatiles (Schultz etal, 1988). 

Resolving-power requirements at m/e 300 are approximately 10,GOO-17,000 for hydrocarbon/oxygen compound pairs, 37,000 for nitrogen/ hydrocarbon isotope pairs, 88,000 for hydrocarbon/sulfur compound pairs, etc. These requirements increase linearly with increasing molecular weight and are twice as large at m/e 600 than at m/e 300. 

Analytical. Gas streams were analyzed by an on-line process GC for the following hydrocarbons sulfur compounds—H2S, COS carbon oxides—CO, C02 ammonia hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen. Water products were analyzed for nitrogen and sulfur. 

Chromosorb 107 Porapak T Formaldehyde from water and acetylene from lower hydrocarbons. Sulfur compounds. Not recommended for glycols and amines. 

Dioctyl phthalate (DOP) Aromatics Halogenated compounds Hydrocarbons Sulfur compounds 140 c... 

The parameters that characterize potential pollution in refinery and petrochemical plant WW include general parameters in common with MWW on the one hand, and parameters specific to the oil industry (hydrocarbons, sulfur compounds, etc.), on the other. 

The H2S formed can react with the sulfates or rock to form sulfur i (Equation 8.2) that remains in suspension as in the case of crude from Goldsmith, Texas, USA, or that, under the conditions of pressure, temperature I and period of formation of the reservoir, can react with the hydrocarbons to give sulfur compounds ... 

I H2S reacts in another way with the olefinic hydrocarbons producing thiols and sulfur compounds (Equation 8.3 and 8.4) ... 

Reference Data for Hydrocarbons and Petro-Sulfur Compounds, Phillips Petroleum Company, 1962. 

Benzene [71-43-2] toluene [108-88-3] xylene [1330-20-7] and solvent naphtha are separated from the light oil. Benzene (qv), toluene (qv), and xylene are useful as solvents and chemical intermediates (see Xylenes and ethylbenzene). The cmde light oil is approximately 60—70% ben2ene, 12—16% toluene, 4—8% xylenes, 9—16% other hydrocarbons, and about 1% sulfur compounds (5) (see BTX processing). 

Because hydrocarbon feeds for steam reforming should be free of sulfur, feed desulfurization is required ahead of the steam reformer (see Sulfur REMOVAL AND RECOVERY). As seen in Figure 1, the first desulfurization step usually consists of passing the sulfur-containing hydrocarbon feed at about 300—400°C over a Co—Mo catalyst in the presence of 2—5% H2 to convert organic sulfur compounds to H2S. As much as 25% H2 may be used if olefins... 

The term naphthenic acid, as commonly used in the petroleum industry, refers collectively to all of the carboxyUc acids present in cmde oil. Naphthenic acids [1338-24-5] are classified as monobasic carboxyUc acids of the general formula RCOOH, where R represents the naphthene moiety consisting of cyclopentane and cyclohexane derivatives. Naphthenic acids are composed predorninandy of aLkyl-substituted cycloaUphatic carboxyUc acids, with smaller amounts of acycHc aUphatic (paraffinic or fatty) acids. Aromatic, olefinic, hydroxy, and dibasic acids are considered to be minor components. Commercial naphthenic acids also contain varying amounts of unsaponifiable hydrocarbons, phenoHc compounds, sulfur compounds, and water. The complex mixture of acids is derived from straight-mn distillates of petroleum, mosdy from kerosene and diesel fractions (see Petroleum). 

Steam Reforming Processes. In the steam reforming process, light hydrocarbon feedstocks (qv), such as natural gas, Hquefied petroleum gas, and naphtha, or in some cases heavier distillate oils are purified of sulfur compounds (see Sulfurremoval and recovery). These then react with steam in the presence of a nickel-containing catalyst to produce a mixture of hydrogen, methane, and carbon oxides. Essentially total decomposition of compounds containing more than one carbon atom per molecule is obtained (see Ammonia Hydrogen Petroleum). 

Conversion Processes. Most of the adsorption and absorption processes remove hydrogen sulfide from sour gas streams thus producing both a sweetened product stream and an enriched hydrogen sulfide stream. In addition to the hydrogen sulfide, this latter stream can contain other co-absorbed species, potentially including carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, and other sulfur compounds. Conversion processes treat the hydrogen sulfide stream to recover the sulfur as a salable product. 

Water and sulfur compounds are the principal non-hydrocarbon impurities present in light ends which frequently require removal. The sulfur compounds of concern are concerned with here are hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans, both of which have to be removed almost quantitatively from any light ends cut which is going to be marketed. There are two reasons for this First, they have an objectionable odor, even in minute concentrations. Second, they may cause corrosion either by themselves or through their combustion products. 

The presence (and concentration, if known) of corrosive materials, other than the typical concentrations of sulfur compounds in petroleum hydrocarbon streams. 

In addition to heavy hydrocarbons and water vapor, natural gas often contains other contaminants that may have to be removed. Carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and other sulfur compounds such as mercaptans are compounds that may require complete or partial removal for acceptance by a gas purchaser. These compounds are known as acid gases. H2S combined with water forms a weak form of sulfuric acid, while CO2 and water forms carbonic acid, thus the term acid gas. ... 

The physical solvent sulfolane provides the system with bulk removal capacity. Sulfolane is an excellent solvent of sulfur compounds such as H2S, COS, and CS2. Aromatic and heavy hydrocarbons and CO2 are soluble in sulfolane to a lesser degree. The relative amounts of DIPA and sulfolane are adjusted for each gas stream to custom fit each application. Sulfinol is usually used for streams with an H2S to CO2 ratio greater than 1 1 or where it is not necessary to remove the CO2 to the same levels as is required for H2S removal. The physical solvent allows much greater solution loadings of acid gas than for pure amine-based systems. Typically, a Sulfinol solution of 40% sulfolane, 40% DIPA and 20% water can remove 1.5 moles of acid gas per mole of Sulfinol solution. 

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