Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Introduction to Hydrocarbons

WeTl expand our picture of bonding by introducing two approaches that grew out of the idea that electrons can be described as waves the valence bond and molecular orbital models. In particular, one aspect of the valence bond model, called orbital hybridization, will be emphasized. 

A major portion of this chapter deals with how we name organic compounds. The system used throughout the world is based on a set of rules for naming hydrocarbons, then extending these rules to encompass other families of organic compounds. 

12 Applying the lUPAC Rules The Names of the C6Hi4 Isomers 71 

22 Bonding in Water and Ammonia Hybridization of Oxygen and Nitrogen 

Hydrocarbons are divided into two main classes aliphatic and aromatic. This classification dates from the nineteenth century, when organic chemistry was devoted almost entirely to the study of materials from natural sources, and terms were coined that reflected a substance s origin. Two sources were fats and oils, and the word aliphatic was derived from the Greek word aleiphar meaning fat. Aromatic hydrocarbons, irrespective of their own odor, were typically obtained by chemical treatment of pleasant-smelling plant extracts. 

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