Hydrocarbons oxidative coupling

Generally, the most developed processes involve oxidative coupling of methane to higher hydrocarbons. Oxidative coupling converts methane to ethane and ethylene by... 

Selective oxidations, e.g., propane to acroleine, butane to maleic anhydride, ethylene to ethylene oxide Oxidative dehydrogenations of hydrocarbons Oxidative coupling of methane Methane oxidation to syngas... 

Distributor The controlled addition of reactant(s) limits side reactions to increase selectivity by optimizing the reactant concentration profile to mitigate the temperature rise in exothermic reactions Partial oxidation oxidative dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons oxidative coupling of methane... 

The direct methane conversion technology, which has received the most research attention, involves the oxidative coupling of methane to produce higher hydrocarbons (qv) such as ethylene (qv). These olefinic products may be upgraded to Hquid fuels via catalytic oligomerization processes. 

Although ethylene is produced by various methods as follows, only a few are commercially proven thermal cracking of hydrocarbons, catalytic pyrolysis, membrane dehydrogenation of ethane, oxydehydrogenation of ethane, oxidative coupling of methane, methanol to ethylene, dehydration of ethanol, ethylene from coal, disproportionation of propylene, and ethylene as a by-product. 

In a parallel study Eng and Stoukides30 also reported A values up to five for this reaction and also detected the presence of trace C2 hydrocarbons in the effluent stream. Since YSZ is known to promote catalytically the oxidative coupling of CH4,32 the extent to which C2 hydrocarbons can be found in the products is dictated by the ratio of YSZ and Pt surfaces present in the reactor. 

The oxidative coupling of CH4 (OCM) in solid oxide fuel cells has attracted considerable attention in recent years because of the strong interest in the production of C2 hydrocarbons from natural gas. Work in this area utilizing solid electrolytes prior to 1999 has been reviewed.53... 

Two conqiletely different behaviors of oxidative transformation of methane, namely the Oxidative Coupling of Methane to C2 Hydrocarbons(OCM) and the Partial Oxidation of Methane to Syngas(POM), were performed and related over the nickel-based catalysts due to different modification and different supports. It is concluded that the acidic property favors keeping the reduced nickel and the reduced nickel is necessary for POM reaction, and the bade property frvors keeping the oxidized nickel and the oxidized mckel is necessary for OCM reaction. POM and OCM reactions proceed at different active sites caused by different... 

Oxidative coupling of methane to yield C2 and higher hydrocarbons... 

The oxidative coupling of methane has been studied by several authors. The most elusive transformation has been the oxidative coupling of methane into C2 hydrocarbons (ethene, ethane), because the reaction is more endothermic than other transformations [2]. The application of fast and efficient microwave heating to endothermic reactions is particular interest. 

Oxidative coupling of methane to yield C2 and higher hydrocarbons 358 Direct partial oxidation of methane to produce methanol and other oxygenates 360... 

A molybdenum-mediated oxidative coupling of aniline 1 with cyclohexene 2a provides carbazole 3. Alternatively, the same overall transformation of aniline 1 to carbazole 3 is achieved by iron-mediated oxidative coupling with cyclo-hexa-1,3-diene 2b or by palladium-catalyzed oxidative coupling with arenes 2c. The use of appropriately substituted anilines and unsaturated six-membered hydrocarbons opens up the way to highly convergent organometallic syntheses of carbazole alkaloids. 

Much recent research (7-5) has been devoted to converting methane to products that are more easily transported and more valuable. Such more valuable products include higher hydrocarbons and the partial oxidation products of methane which are formed by either direct routes such as oxidative coupling reactions or indirect methods via synthesis gas as an intermediate. The topic of syngas formation by oxidation of CH4 has been considered primarily from an engineering perspective (7-5). Most fundamental studies of the direct oxidation of CH4 have dealt with the CH4 + O2 reaction system in excess O2 and at lower temperatures (6-10). 

The oxidative coupling of methane to higher hydrocarbons has received considerable attention. Several review articles,291-300 symposia proceedings,301-303 and a collection of papers304 have been devoted to the subject. 

Oxidative coupling of methane to form C2 hydrocarbons may also be accomplished by using plasma technology. This may be performed in the presence of catalysts, such as zeolites,564,565 metal oxides,564 or La203 promoted by Sr.566 The process may also be carried out without a catalyst.567... 

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