Hydrocarbon fuel use

Hydrocarbon fuels used solely for workplace consumption as a fuel (e.g., propane used for comfort heating, gasoline for vehicle refueling), if such fuels are not a part of a process containing another highly hazardous chemical covered by this standard... 

Figure 10-95B. Heat transfer behavior of a mixture of hydrocarbon fuels. (Used by permission Jens, W. H. Mechanical Engineering, V. 76, Dec. 1954, p. 981. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. All rights reserved.)...

Many chemicals are produced from synthesis gas. This is a consequence of the high reactivity associated with hydrogen and carhon monoxide gases, the two constituents of synthesis gas. The reactivity of this mixture was demonstrated during World War II, when it was used to produce alternative hydrocarbon fuels using Fischer Tropsch technology. The synthesis gas mixture was produced then hy gasifying coal. Fischer Tropsch synthesis of hydrocarbons is discussed in Chapter 4. 

The current RP-1 hydrocarbon fuel used in high thrust boosters is an example of a special kind of tailoring. This hydrocarbon blend or distillation cut was selected to meet a series of special property and combustion requirements for liquid oxygen-oxidized high thrust systems. 

Schultz, K., et al. (2009), Synthesis of Hydrocarbon Fuels Using Renewable and Nuclear Energy , Nuclear Technology, Vol. 166,4-08018, April. 

EPA currently uses the heat of combustion to rank the incinerability of hazardous compounds, although kinetics, not thermodynamics, govern incinerator performance. More important, because of interactions between species, rates of reaction of hazardous compounds in a mixture can be considerably different from those observed under single-compound conditions. Moreover, the hydrocarbon fuels used to cofire the incinerator can interact with the hazardous substances themselves. 

PSM applies to a process involving a chemical at or above the specified threshold quantities listed in 1910.119, Appendix A, and also listed in Table 3.9. The requirements of the rule are also applicable to processes that involve a flammable liquid or gas on-site, in one location, in a quantity of 10,000 lb or more, except for hydrocarbon fuels used solely for workplace consumption as a fuel, or flammable liquids stored in atmospheric pressure tanks. 

In a balanced equation, the number of moles of one substance is stoichiometrically equivalent to the number of moles of any other substance. The term stoichiometrically equivalent means that a definite amount of one substance is formed from, produces, or reacts with a definite amount of the other. These quantitative relationships are expressed as stoichiometrically equivalent molar ratios that we use as conversion factors to calculate these amounts. Table 3.3 presents the quantitative information contained in the equation for the combustion of propane, a hydrocarbon fuel used in cooking and water heating ... 

Instantaneous maps of the mixture fraction, temperature, and main combustion products (H2O, CO2, CO) are shown in Figure 7.4 for the n-heptane. N-heptane is a fuel commonly used in engines. Its cetane number is approximately 56, which is typical for diesel fuel, because its properties of ignition and combustion are similar to those of diesel fuel [7]. The n-heptane has received substantial interest because it is a major component of the primary reference fuel (PRF) in internal combustion engine studies [6] and is considered a surrogate for liquid hydrocarbon fuels used in many propulsion and power generation systems [8]. 

Springmaim, S., Friedrich, G Himmen, M Sommer, M. and Eigenberger, G. (2002) Isothermal kinetic measurements for hydrogen production from hydrocarbon fuels using a novel kinetic reactor concept Appl. Catal. A, 235, 101-111. 

IH [Integrated Hydropyrolysis and Hydroconversion] A process for converting biomass to hydrocarbon fuels using hydropyrolysis and hydroconversion. Developed by the Gas Technology Institute, Des Plaines, IL. Licensed to CRI, United States, which expected to commercialize it in 2014. 

---