Hydrated amorphous calcium carbonate

Kinetically driven crystallization often involves an initial amorphous phase that may be non-stoichiometric, hydrated, and susceptible to rapid phase transformation. Amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) for instance is highly soluble, has a low density of almost half of the crystalline mineral indicating a high hydration [62], and rapidly transforms to calcite, vaterite, or aragonite unless kinetically stabilized. In aqueous solution, this transformation into vaterite or calcite takes place within seconds or less even if additives are present, as shown by recent SAXS/WAXS measurements of ACC transformation in the presence of a DHBC [63]. 

The vaterite form of calcium carbonate often occurs in laboratory crystallization and is occasionally found in shells. There is increasing evidence for precipitation of amorphous, hydrated calcium carbonate as a metastable precursor for the crystal. In some cases, including lobster cuticle and a sponge, stable amorphous calcium carbonate is found. 

An abrasive is usually chemically inert, neither interacting with other dentifrice ingredients nor dissolving in the paste or the mouth. Substances used as dentifrice abrasives include amorphous hydrated silica, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate [7789-77-7] anhydrous dicalcium phosphate [7757-93-9] insoluble sodium metaphosphate [10361-03-2], calcium pyrophosphate [35405-51-7], a-alumina trihydrate, and calcium carbonate [471-34-1]. These materials are usually synthesized to specifications for purity, particle size, and other characteristics naturally occurring minerals are used infrequently. Sodium bicarbonate [144-55-8] and sodium chloride [7647-14-5] have also been employed as dentifrice abrasives. 

Diatoms are unicellular, photosynthetic microalgae that are abundant in the world s oceans and fresh waters. It is estimated that several tens of thousands of different species exist sizes typically range from ca 5 to 400 pm, and most contain an outer wall of amorphous hydrated silica. These outer walls (named frustules ) are intricately shaped and fenestrated in species-specific (genetically inherited) patterns5,6. The intricacy of these structures in many cases exceeds our present capability for nanoscale structural control. In this respect, the diatoms resemble another group of armored unicellular microalgae, the coccolithophorids, that produce intricately structured shells of calcium carbonate. The silica wall of each diatom is formed in sections by polycondensation of silicic acid or as-yet unidentified derivatives (see below) within a membrane-enclosed silica deposition vesicle 1,7,8. In this vesicle, the silica is coated with specific proteins that act like a coat of varnish to protect the silica from dissolution (see below). The silica is then extruded through the cell membrane and cell wall (lipid- and polysaccharide-based boundary layers, respectively) to the periphery of the cell. 

Carbonates Phosphates Silica Calcite Aragonite Vaterite Monohydrocalcite Amorphous Dahllite Francolite Amorphous calcium phosphate hydrogel Amorphous ferric phosphate hydrogel Opal Iron oxides Sulfates Halides Oxalates Magnetite Goethite Lepidocrocite Amorphous hydrates Celestite Barite Gypsum Fluorite Weddellite Whewellite... 

Like calcium, strontium has moderate mobility in soils and sediments, and sorbs moderately to metal oxides and clays (Hayes and Traina 1998). The Sr2- ion is strongly hydrated and is firmly coordinated with six or more water molecules in aqueous solution. When Sr2- ions sorb on negatively charged mineral surface sites, the hydration sphere is retained (O Day et al. 2000). Strontium sorbs as hydrated ions on the surface of clay minerals (kaolinite), weathered minerals (amorphous silica), and iron oxides (Sahai et al. 2000). Sorbed carbonate on iron oxides enhances the sorption of Sr2- and permits the nucleation of Sr2- as strontium carbonate (Sahai et al. 2000). On calcite (calcium carbonate), Sr2 sorption occurs by electrostatic attraction as hydrated ions. However, at higher concentrations, precipitation of strontianite (strontium carbonate) occurs and strontium is likely to be less mobile (Parkman et al. 1998). 

Calcium carbonate Kaolin Silica, amorphous hydrated filler, paper... 

The addition of MK influences the hydration of cement significantly. The DTA curves of cement pastes treated with various amounts of MK are presented in Fig. 26The first peak at 135°C is due mainly to the dehydration of C-S-H (I). The endothermal effect at about 175°C is caused by the decomposition of C4AH13 and that at 480°C is due to the decomposition of CH. Two other endotherms at 740° and 765°C are ascribed to the decomposition of the amorphous and crystalline forms of calcium carbonate respectively. The peak effects of C-S-H (I) and C4AH13 increase as the amount of MK increases up to a 30% addition signifying an acceleration effect. The decrease in the peak area of CH is attributed to the reaction between MK and CH liberated by the hydration of the cement. 

Transparent red iron oxides containing iron oxide hydrate can also be produced directly by precipitation. A hematite content of > 85 % can be obtained when iron(II) hydroxide or iron(II) carbonate is precipitated from iron(II) salt solutions at ca. 30 °C and when oxidation is carried out to completion with aeration and seeding additives (e.g., chlorides of magnesium, calcium, or aluminum) [5.271], Transparent iron oxides can also be synthesized by heating finely atomized liquid pentacarbonyl iron in the presence of excess air at 580-800 °C [5.272], [5.273]. The products have a primary particle size of ca. 10 nm, are X-ray amorphous, and have an isometric particle form. Hues ranging from red to orange can be obtained with this procedure, however, it is not suitable for yellow hues. 

The dihydrate is formed by evaporation at ordinary temperature of an ethereal solution of the hexahydrate which has been dried with calcium nitrate or by crystallisation of the hexahydrate from concentrated nitric acid solution. It yields small lustrous plates, thick and square, probably rhombic, and possessing a green fluorescence. It melts at 179-3° C. It is much more stable than the trihydrate, and can be kept in a vacuum desiccator with caustic alkali or i hosphorus pentoxide without any loss of water. It dissolves readily in ether. If the dihydrate is heated in a current of carbon dio.xide at 98° C. a product corresponding very nearly in composition to the nioiiohydrate, U03(N03)3.H20, is obtained at 160° C. under the same conditions the ankydi ffus salt, U02(N03)2, is obtained. The latter may also be obtained by passing a current of dry nitric anhydride over the tri-hydrate carefully heated at 170° to 180° C. It is a yellow amorphous powder, readily soluble in water with c -olution of heat. It reacts violently with ether. When heated to 200° C. it decomposes and leaves a mixture of uranic acid, UO3.H2O, and uranic anhydride. ... 

The well crystallized, autoclaved calcium silicate hydrates show low caibon-ation rate in spite of the higher lime content, than the amorphous forms of tober-morite, poorer in calcium [298]. However, Roy [80] found that the C-S-H richer in calcium than tobermorite, was readily carbonated and the eqnilibrinm CO2 partial pressure was lower. 

Aggregation (non-crystalline) and orientation (crystalline) are both influenced by supersaturation and temperature, but the type of species is also very important. For example, strongly polar salts, such as lead iodide, silver chloride and barium sulphate, invariably precipitate in crystalline form. Carbonates of calcium and barium and hydroxides of magnesium and zinc do likewise, but there is evidence in some of these cases of the prior precipitation of hydrated short-lived precursor phases (Mullin et al., 1989 Brecevic and Nielsen, 1990). Hydrous oxides like hydrous ferric oxide (o-ferric hydroxide) are generally amorphous, especially when precipitated from cold solution. 

Calcium phosphate dibasic dihydrate Calcium phosphate tribasic Calcium pyrophosphate Calcium sulfate Diatomaceous earth Magnesium carbonate Silica Silica, amorphous Silica, hydrated Sodium bicarbonate abrasive, facial scrubs Walnut (Juglans regia) shell powder abrasive, foot preps. 

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