Hybridization principle

Chan VT-W, McGee JO D. Non-radioactiveprobes preparation, characterization, and detection, in In Situ Hybridization, Principles and Practice (Polak JM, McGee JO D, eds.), IRL Press at Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1990, pp. 1-14. 

Hybridization means the mixing of atom orbitals of different types of the given atom in one molecular (or atom) orbital. Hybridization principles are well-developed in accordance with the experimental data in the frames of general theories of valence bond (VB) and molecular orbitals (MO). 

The initial hybridization principle is applied for the analysis of energy directedness of mixing of atom orbitals for some other structures (Table 2). Computational values of P0-parameter of hybridized orbitals were further used to determine bond energies (E). In the supposition of pair inter-atomic interaction the structural Pc-parameter was calculated [1,7] following the principle of the addition of inverse values of initial values of P-parameters, and in this case - based on the following equation ... 

The LiPA HIV-1 RT typing test is based on the reverse hybridization principle. Biotinylated DNA material obtained during PCR is hybridized with specific oligonucleotide probes immobilized as parallel lines on membrane-based strips. After hybridization, streptavidin labeled with alkaline phosphatase is added and bound to any biotinylated hybrid previously formed. Incubation with BCIP/NBT chromogen results in a purple/brown precipitate. 

The hybridization principle of atomic orbitals used from the thirties up to the present days as a prelude to the formation of chemical bonds is surveyed. The expose is centered on the ab-initio procedure of overlap-matrix localization suggested by G. Del Re in 1963 (Theoretica Chimica Acta 1, pp 188-197), and its successive extensions and various applications in Quantum Chemistry are described. Some conceptual aspects of hybridization are discussed. 

Powell JR, Caccone A (1990) DNA-DNA hybridization principles and resu 1 ts. In GM Hewi t1 (ed) Mol ecu 1 ar techn i ques i n taxonomy, NATO ASI Series (this volume). Springer,. Berlin Heidelberg New York... 

Notice that all the examples m Table 8 1 involve alkyl halides, that is compounds m which the halogen is attached to an sp hybridized carbon Alkenyl halides and aryl halides, compounds m which the halogen is attached to sp hybridized carbons are essentially unreactive under these conditions and the principles to be developed m this chapter do not apply to them... 

Technology Description Hybrid reactors, as the name implies, are a combination of suspended growth and fixed-film reactor principles. In these systems, the fixed film is submerged and the reactor contents are continuously stirred. A large amount of biomass is maintained in the system. 

In Section 13.2, we introduce the materials used in OLEDs. The most obvious classification of the organic materials used in OLEDs is small molecule versus polymer. This distinction relates more to the processing methods used than to the basic principles of operation of the final device. Small molecule materials are typically coated by thermal evaporation in vacuum, whereas polymers are usually spin-coated from solution. Vacuum evaporation lends itself to easy coaling of successive layers. With solution processing, one must consider the compatibility of each layer with the solvents used for coating subsequent layers. Increasingly, multilayered polymer devices arc being described in the literature and, naturally, hybrid devices with layers of both polymer and small molecule have been made. 

Radicals with adjacent Jt-bonds [e.g. allyl radicals (7), cyclohexadienyl radicals (8), acyl radicals (9) and cyanoalkyl radicals (10)] have a delocalized structure. They may be depicted as a hybrid of several resonance forms. In a chemical reaction they may, in principle, react through any of the sites on which the spin can be located. The preferred site of reaction is dictated by spin density, steric, polar and perhaps other factors. Maximum orbital overlap requires that the atoms contained in the delocalized system are coplanar. 

Other treatments " have led to scales that are based on different principles, for example, the average of the ionization potential and the electron affinity, " the average one-electron energy of valence shell electrons in ground-state free atoms, or the compactness of an atom s electron cloud.In some of these treatments electronegativities can be calculated for different valence states, for different hybridizations (e.g., sp carbon atoms are more electronegative than sp, which are still more electronegative than and even differently for primary, secondary,... 

This highhght examines several new hybrid layered structures in the hetero-metallic perrhenate and vanadate families, whereby the late transition-metals are incorporated and their roles probed in the structures of layered solids. From these two families, new structural principles have emerged that not only help us understand key stractural features and correcdy forecast new compositions, but equally, have yielded many surprises (chirality, reduced phases) that show some of the most exciting chemistry is still waiting to be discovered or even imagined ... 

Triatomic species can be linear, like CO2, or bent, like O3. The principles of orbital overlap do not depend on the identity of the atoms involved, so all second-row triatomic species with 16 valence electrons have the same bonding scheme as CO2 and are linear. For example, dinitrogen oxide (N2 O) has 16 valence electrons, so it has an orbital configuration identical to that of CO2. Each molecule is linear with an inner atom whose steric number is 2. As in CO2, the bonding framework of N2 O can be represented with sp hybrid orbitals. Both molecules have two perpendicular sets of three tt molecular orbitals. The resonance structures of N2 O, described... 

Psichogios, D. C., and Ungar, L. H., A hybrid neural network-first principles approach to process modeling. AIChEJ. 38, 1499 (1992). 

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