Reverse hybridization principles

The LiPA HIV-1 RT typing test is based on the reverse hybridization principle. Biotinylated DNA material obtained during PCR is hybridized with specific oligonucleotide probes immobilized as parallel lines on membrane-based strips. After hybridization, streptavidin labeled with alkaline phosphatase is added and bound to any biotinylated hybrid previously formed. Incubation with BCIP/NBT chromogen results in a purple/brown precipitate. 

The dynamic self-assembly processes of such supramolecular systems undergoing continous reversible exchange between different self-organized entities in solution may in principle be connected to kinetically controled sol-gel process in order to extract and select an amplified supramolecular device under a specific set of experimental conditions. Such dynamic marriage between supramolecular self-assembly and in sol-gel polymerization processes which synergistically might communicate leads to constitutionnal hybrid materials. ... 

Whereas mieroarray analysis of gene expression employs similar steps as Northern blot hybridization, it is radically different in principle. The major difference is that the roles of the nucleie aeid bound to the substrate and the labeled nueleic acid in the hybridization solution are reversed for mieroarrays. In mieroarray analysis, the DNA probe is fixed to the substrate with eaeh spot on the array con-... 

From preliminary efficiency estimates and proof of principle experiments, Simpson et al. [4] have recently proposed a hybrid process based on the reverse Deacon cycle as a promising moderate temperature thermochemical process to produce hydrogen. The basic reactions involved are shown in the three steps in Table 3. As can be seen from the equations given in Table 3, the two-step sequence involving magnesium chloride hydrolysis (Step 1) followed by magnesium oxide chlorination (Step 3) reduces to the Reverse Deacon Reaction. The moderate temperatures involved in these reactions would... 

Reaction rates at solid/solution interfaces are controlled by the area of the interface as well as by the chemical and physical conditions that occur there. Surface reactions are approximately confined to a two-dimensional region, so their rates are expressed in terms of how fast species are created per unit of surface area, and this means that the rates have imits of flux (/, mol/m sec). The flux notation (J) and terminology is used throughout this book. The environment at the solid/solution interface is a hybrid of the bulk solid and bulk solution, so models of the chemical and physical conditions controlling the reaction rates must account for this transitional character. Equilibrium thermodynamics provides a powerful starting point for constraining the surface conditions. At equilibrium the chemical potential of each component must be the same throughout the system, so the chemical potential of the components in the surface are equal to their chemical potentials in the solid and solution phases. At low temperatures, the slow rate of equilibration between the bulk solid and the surface may void this requirement for the solid but it should apply for the components in the bulk solution. Also, at equilibrium the principle of detailed balance requires that the rates of forward reactions in the interface must equal the rates of the reverse reactions. In addition, the forward and reverse reaction steps must be the same. Models of reaction rates at equilibrium are well constrained by these principles but as the system departs from equilibrium these requirements fall away and we must search for other principles to model interfacial reaction rates. 

Hereafter Lu et al. replaced the cationic functionality at the lower rim by a nucleobase. Hybrids between calixarenes and nucleic acid derived compounds have attained more and more attention and will be presented in Sect. 24.4 in more detail. Equally to the amino and guanidino derivatives the uracil calixarene conjugate was used for the interfacial interaction, now specifically via base paring to the complementary nucleoside adenine in the subphase rather than by electrostatic attraction. The same principle was used for the reverse arrangement An adenine calixarene... 

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