Humoral defense components mediators

The interaction between an antimicrobial and a pathogen in the laboratory does not take normal host defense systems into account. Humoral and cell-mediated immune systems play a major role in pathogen eradication their contribution is underestimated in susceptibility reports. Antimicrobial agents act in concert with endogenous microbial inhibitors such as immunoglobulins, T lymphocytes, phagocytes, complement components, lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase and lysozymes. 

The second line of defense against invasion by microorganisms includes a cellular component and a component that circulates in the blood, known as the humoral component. The latter is mediated by a second group of critical proteins, the antibodies or immunoglobulins. ... 

Immune responses have often been described in terms of humoral and cellular components. The humoral response involves the small circulating B lymphocytes (B cells), the antibodies (immunoglobulins), and proteins of the complement system. The cellular response is mediated by another group of small lymphocytes, the T lymphocytes (T cells). They resemble B cells in appearance but have quite different functions. However, newer knowledge has provided a somewhat different description of the body s defense... 

A. Overview The innate immune system initiates the defense against pathogens and antigenic insult. It involves the concerted actions of complement components, lysozyme, macrophages, and neutrophils. If the innate response is inadequate, the adaptive immune response is mobilized. This culminates in the activation of T lymphocytes, the effectors of cell-mediated immunity and the production of antibodies, by activated B lymphocytes, the effectors of humoral immunity. The cell types involved in immune responses can be identified by specific cell surface components or clusters of differentiation (CDs). For example, T helper cells bear the CD4 protein complex, whereas cytotoxic T lymphocytes express the CDS protein complex. Clusters of differentiation also can be used to characterize other types of hematopoietic cells, including precursors of granulocytes, megakaryocytes, and erythrocytes (Chapter 33). 

Stress can be defined as the physiological reaction of an organism to external or internal stimuli in which the body initiates various defense mechanisms to maintain homeostasis (Ramsey 1982 Cruz et al. 2012). The stress response involves a complex network of mechanisms essential for survival, mediated by neurotransmitters, peptidic hormones, and endocrine hormones from the enteric nervous system (ENS). These molecules modulate the humoral and cellular components of the intestinal immune system (de Jonge 2013). 

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