Humanized genetically engineered mice

Although not strictly a genetically engineered mouse model, mice have been developed in which mouse hepatocytes have been replaced by human hepa-tocytes. These mice have been used for metabolism and toxicity testing,65-69 although perhaps their most valuable application is for focused mechanistic in vivo studies. 

Powley, M.W. et al., Safety assessment of drug metabolites Implications of regulatory guidance and potential application of genetically engineered mouse models that express human P450s, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 22(2), 257, 2009. 

Petkova, S. B., Akilesh, S., Sproule, T. J., Christianson, G. J., A1 Khabbaz, H., Brown, A. C., et al. (2006) Enhanced half-life of genetically engineered human IgGl antibodies in a humanized FcRn mouse model potential application in Immorally mediated autoimmune disease. Int Immunol 18,1759-1769. 

There are many reviews on constitutes a mouse model for human diseases (5-7), as well as models for specific diseases (8-22). It is beyond the scope of this chapter to discuss the pros and cons of each of these potential models, especially since a recent scan of the public literature and databases revealed over 1200 genetically engineered and spontaneous mouse mutations that have skin diseases that potentially serve as models for specific human diseases. Information on these are and where to find them is discussed below. Further, this chapter will not describe the usefulness of the mouse to study wound healing, and the reader is referred to other reviews on such (23, 24). 

With biotechnological modifications (which use genetic engineering techniques), it is possible to obtain antibodies which are characterized by different ratios of proteins from different animal species. Evolution of the humanization process in mouse mAb production enables us to obtain antibodies of... 

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