Human remains study

There were similar experiments with anthrax bombs. Victims were injected with tetanus, smallpox, plague and glanders, as well as being exposed to aerosol clouds of disease in gas chambers. The infections were not always allowed to run their full course victims would be killed with massive doses of morphine, and then dissected to check the progress of the disease up to the point of death. Of the human remains studied by the Americans in 1947, anthrax accounted for 31... 

Anesthetics. Ethyl amiaobenzoate [94-09-7] (benzocaiae), C2H22NO2, is the only anesthetic candidate that might allow spawned-out broodstock carcasses to be used for pet or human food. Studies are still required to determine which residues remain ia the carcasses (9). Electronarcosis is an alternative to chemical anesthesia that uses varying electrical frequencies to rapidly anesthetize fishes and allow gentie recovery. Electronarcosis has been used effectively on tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) and the common carp Cyprinus carpid) and the technique is being tested with other fishes (23,24). 

Epidemiological and Human Dosimetry Studies. Epidemiological studies of radiation dose typically involve estimates of exposure that are based on whole-body measurements of internally-deposited americium. A need remains for epidemiological data that can provide quantitative human dose-response information while supplying additional information on the health effects of exposure to ionizing radiation and americium in particular, for cases of known internal exposure. 

E. Cappellini, B. Chiarelli, L. Sineo, A. Casoli, A. Di Gioia, C. Vemesi, M.C. Biella, D. Caramelh, Biomolecular study of the human remains from tomb 5859 in the Etruscan necropolis of Monterozzi, Tarquinia (Viterbo, Italy), Journal of Archaeological Science, 31, 603 612 (2004). 

Ubelaker et al. (1995) studied human remains from six shaft tombs excavated at La Florida, Quito, Ecuador, and dated to the Chaupicruz phase (ca. AD 100-450). They used isotopes to assess the dietary relationship between high-status individuals and the victims of sacrifice buried in the same tombs. 

The study of human remains has long been the most direct method of understanding the detailed lives of our ancestors as individuals. The methods of forensic science and palaeopathology have been applied for many years to determine age, sex, stature, nutritional status and cause of death, and to detect evidence of some diseases. Increasingly, DNA is being used to determine kinship. It is, however, no exaggeration to say that entire new vistas have been... 

Comparative Toxicokinetics. Generally, target organs and adverse effects of 1,2-dibromoethane exposure are similar across species. Toxicokinetic studies have been performed in rats, mice, and guinea pigs. There are no major differences in distribution patterns. Humans would be expected to metabolize 1,2-dibromoethane in a manner qualitatively similar to animals. However, the disposition of 1,2-dibromoethane in humans remains to be determined. 

More recently, Merz et have studied the circulating lymphocytes of humans experimentally exposed to ozone at 0.5 ppm for 6-10 h. A statistically significant increase in the number of minor chromosomal abnormalities (not breaks) was observed it reached a peak about 2 weeks after exposure and later returned to normal. This delay in the development of chromosomal abnormalities observed after ozone exposure in both hamsters and humans differs from that observed in human radiation studies, in which aberrations tend to remain roughly constant over 3-4 weeks. This raises the possibility that the ozone-induced abnormality is related to a postreplication repair process. 

Although they remain less effective than inhaled corticosteroids, a 5-LOX inhibitor (zileuton) and selective antagonists of the CysLTl receptor for leukotrienes (zafirlukast, montelukast, and pranlukast see Chapter 20) are used clinically in mild to moderate asthma. Growing evidence for a role of the leukotrienes in cardiovascular disease has expanded the potential clinical applications of leukotriene modifiers. Conflicting data have been reported in animal studies depending on the disease model used and the molecular target (5-LOX versus FLAP). Human genetic studies have demonstrated a link between cardiovascular disease and polymorphisms in the leukotriene biosynthetic enzymes, in particular FLAP, in some populations. 

Despite the lack of agreed guidelines for the tests involved, tests do exist and they comprise studies in human volunteers, studies in germ-free rats the intestines of which harbor human gut bacteria, and in vitro studies with bacterial populations. However, the selection of the most appropriate test system remains an open question. All tests investigate minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) that can be used in ADI calculations however, such ADI calculations tend to... 

Extraction from ancient remains is a completely destructive process and, as such, this process might not be permitted, for example, on extremely rare samples. Likewise, in the United States, Native American human remains that are to be repatriated to their descendants (Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, or NAGPRA) may be unavailable for study. 

Meyer, J. Rosenthal, J. S. An Archaeological Investigation of Artifacts and Human Remains from CA-CCO-637, Los Vaqueros Project Area, Contra Costa County, California, Anthropological Studies Center, Sonoma State University Rohnert Park, CA, 1998. 

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