Human immunodeficiency virus pharmacokinetics

R. Zhang, R. B. Diasio, Z. Lu, T. Liu, Z. Jiang, W. M. Galbraith, S. Agrawal, Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution in Rats of an Oligodeoxynucleotide Phosphorothi-oate (GEM 91) Developed as a Therapeutic Agent for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 , Biochem. Pharmacol. 1995, 49, 929 - 939. 

Martin DE, Blum R, Wilton J, Doto J, Galbraith H, Burgess GL, Smith PC, Ballow C. (2007) Safety and pharmacokinetics of bevirimat (PA-457), a novel inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus maturation, in healthy volnnteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51 3063-3066. 

Furfine, E. S., Baker, C. T., Hale, M. R., Reynolds, D. J., Salisbury, J. A., Searle, A. D., Studenberg, S. D., Todd, D., Tung, R. D., and Spaltenstein, A. (2004). Preclinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of GW433908, a water-soluble prodrug of the human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor amprenavir. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48 791-798. 

Zhang, R., Diasio, R.B., Lu, Z., Liu, T., Jiang, Z., Galbraith, W.M. and Agrawal, S. (1995a) Pharmacokinetics and tissue disposition in rats of an oligodeoxynucleotide phosphorothioate (GEM 91) developed as a therapeutic agent for human immunodeficiency virus type-1. Biochem. Pharm., 49, 929-939. 

Sahai J, Gallicano K, Pakuts A, et al. Effect of fluconazole on ZDV pharmacokinetics in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis 1994 169 (5) 1103-1107. 

Lertora JJ, Rege AB, Greenspan DL, et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction between zidovudine and valproic acid in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994 56(3) 272-278. 

Cundy KC, Petty BG, Flaherty J, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics of cidofovir in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995 39 1247-1252. 

Hsu A, Granneman GR, Witt G, et al. Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of ritonavir in human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997 41(5) 898-905. 

Veronese L, Rautaureau J, Sadler BM, et al. (2000) Single-dose pharmacokinetics of amprenavir, a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor, in subjects with normal or impaired hepatic function. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44 821-826. 

Balls F, Pizzo P, Eddy J, Wilfert C, McKinney R, Scott G, Murphy RF, Jaronsinski PF, Falloon J, Poplack DG. Pharmacokinetics of zidovudine administered intravenously and orally in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Pediatr 1989 114 880Hl. 

Mirochnick M, Capparelli E, Dankner W, Sperling RS, vanDyke R, Spec tor SA. Zidovudine pharmacokinetics in premature infants exposed to human immunodeficiency virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998 42 808-12. 

O Sullivan MJ, Boyer PJ, Scott GB, Parks PW, Weller S, Blum R, Balsley J, Bryson YJ. The pharmacokinetics and safety of zidovudine in the third trimester of pregnancy for women infected with human immunodeficiency virus and their infants Phase I Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Clinical Trial Group Study (protocol 082) Zidovudine Collaborative Working Group. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993 168 1510-6. 

Kumar PN, Sweet DE, McDowell JA, Symonds W, Lou Y, Hetherington S, LaFon S. Safety and pharmacokinetics of abacavir (1592U89) following oral administration of escalating single doses in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999 43(3) 603-8. 

Sadler BM, Hanson CD, Chittick GE, Symonds WT, Roskell NS. Safety and pharmacokinetics of amprenavir (141W94), a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 protease inhibitor, following oral administration of single doses to HIV-infected adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999 43(7) 1686-92. 

Sadler BM, Gillotin C, Lou Y, Eron JJ, Lang W, Haubrich R, Stein DS. Pharmacokinetic study of human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors used in combination with amprenavir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001 45(12) 3663-8. 

Morse GD, Fischl MA, Shelton MJ, Cox SR, Driver M, DeRemer M, Freimuth WW. Single-dose pharmacokinetics of delavirdine mesylate and didanosine in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997 41(l) 169-74. 

Villani P, Viale P, Signorini L, Cadeo B, Marchetti F, Villani A, Fiocchi C, Regazzi MB, Carosi G. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of oral levofloxacin in human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects receiving concomitant antiretroviral therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001 45(7) 2160-2. 

Moyle GJ, Youle M, Higgs C, Monaghan J, Prince W, Chapman S, Clendeninn N, Nelson MR. Safety, pharmacokinetics, and antiretroviral activity of the potent, specific human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor nelfinavir results of a phase I/II trial and extended follow-up in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J CUn Pharmacol 1998 38(8) 736-43. 

Luzuriaga K, Bryson Y, McSheriy G, Robinson J, Stechenberg B, Scott G, Lamson M, Cort S, Sullivan JL. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and activity of nevirapine in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children. J Infect Dis 1996 174(4) 713-21. 

Barditch-Crovo P, Decks SG, Collier A, Safrin S, Coakley DF, Miller M, Kearney BP, Coleman RL, Lamy PD, Kahn JO, McGowan I, Lietman PS. Phase Fn trial of the pharmacokinetics, safety, and antiretroviral activity of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001 45(10) 2733-9. 

Moore, K.H.P., Raasch, R.H., Brouweer, K.L.R., Opheim, K., Cheeseman, S.H., Eyster, E., Lemon, S.M. and vander Horst, C.M. (1995) Pharmacokinetics and bioavailablity of zidovudine and its glucuronidated metabolite in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and hepatic disease (AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 062). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 39, 2732-2737. 

X. Zhang, K. Nieforth, J. M. Lang, R. Rouzier-Panis, J. Reynes, A. Dorr, S. Kolis, M. R. Stiles, T. Kinchelow, and I. H. Patel, Pharmacokinetics of plasma enfuvirtide after subcutaneous administration to patients with human immunodeficiency virus inverse Gaussian density absorption and 2-compartment disposition. Clin Pharmacol Ther 72 10-19 (2002). 

B. M. Sadler, C. Gillotin, Y. Lou, and D. S. Stein, In vivo effect of alpha-l-acid glycoprotein on pharmacokinetics of amprenavir, a human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45 852-856 (2001). 

S. Weller, K. M. Radomski, U. Lou, and D. S. Stein, Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic modeling of abacavir (1592U89) from a dose-ranging, double-blind, randomized monotherapy trial with human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44(8) 2052-2060 (2000). 

The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have been evaluated (75). Patients were administered IL-2 either by continuous infusion or by SC injection for 5 days over multiple cycles. Following repeated injection, soluble IL-2 receptors were substantially but transiently increased. A dose-dependent decrease in area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) between days 1 and 5 was attributed to a receptor-mediated change in clearance. Concentrations were described using an unusual model that employed an indirect stimulatory PD model to link the time-dependent changes of the pharmacokinetics with the change in IL-2 receptor density following repeated administration. 

S. C. Piscitelli, A. Forrest, S. Vogel, D. Chaitt, J. Metcalf, R. Stevens, M. Baseler, R. T. Davey, and J. A. Kovacs, Pharmacokinetic modeling of recombinant interleukin-2 in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Pharmacol Ther 64(5) 492-498 (1998). 

J. G. Gerber, Using pharmacokinetics to optimize antiretroviral drug-drug interactions in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 30 S123-129 (2000). 

K. A. Jackson, S. E. Rosenbaum, B. M. Kerr, Y. K. Pithavala, G. Yuen, and M. N. Dudley, A population pharmacokinetic analysis of nelflnavir mesylate in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients enrolled in a phase III clinical trial. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44 1832-1837 (2000). 

Y. Khaliq, K. Gallicano, I. Seguin, K. Fyke, G. Carignan, D. Bulman, A. Badley, and D. W. Cameron, Single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of nelflnavir and CYP 2C19 activity in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with chronic liver disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol 50 108-115 (2000). 

Kadow JF, Ueda Y, Meanwell NA et al (2012) Inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) attachment 6. Preclinical and human pharmacokinetic profiling of BMS-663749, a phosphonooxymethyl prodrug of the HIV-1 attachment Inhibitor 2-(4-ben-zoyl-l-piperazinyl)-l-(4,7-dimethoxy-lH-pyrrolor2,3-clpyridin-3-yl)-2-oxoethanone (BMS-488043). J Med Chem 55 2048-2056... 

Jackson, K.A., Rosenbaum, S.E., Kerr, B.M., Pithavala, Y.K., Yuen, G. and Dudley, M.N. A population pharmacokinetic analysis of nelfinavir mesylate in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients enrolled in a Phase III clinical trial. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2000 44 1832-1837. 

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