Houses different constructions

Plastics provides a means to producing monocoque constructions such as has been done in different applications that include toys to automotive body, motor truck, railroad car, aircraft fuselage and wings, and houses. Its construction is one in which the outer covering skin carries all or a major part of the stresses. The structure can integrate its body and chassis into a single structure. Unreinforced and RPs are used in these constructions (14, 34). 

Cell Construction. Nickel—2iac batteries are housed ia molded plastic cell jars of styrene, SAN, or ABS material for maximum weight savings. Nickel electrodes can be of the siatered or pocket type, however, these types are not cost effective and several different types of plastic-bonded nickel electrodes (78—80) have been developed. 

Straight-lobe compressor casings, also called housings or cylinders by different manufacturers, are furnished in cast iron by all vendors. There is an optional aluminum construction available for special applications. Inlet and outlet are suitable for a 125 pound standard ANSI flanged connection. 

Directional control valves may be classified in several ways. Some of the different ways are by the type of control, the number of ports in the valve housing, and the specific function that the valve performs. The most common method is by the type of valving element used in the construction of the valve. The most common types of valving elements are the ball, cone, sleeve, poppet, rotary spool, and sliding spool. The basic operating principles of the poppet, rotary spool, and sliding spool types are discussed in this text. 

The first problems on the list are not specific to radon control but are encountered on nearly every construction job. In spite of quality control and communication problems and the understandable wariness builders show when asked to build something in a different way, the residential construction industry has responded to new techniques, materials, and public demands. The average house being built today is very different from a home built 20 years ago. If a product or a method can be demonstrated to reliably keep radon out without presenting significant problems with cost, scheduling, or installation, many builders would learn to use it. The major difficulty faced by mechanical barrier approaches is the thoroughness that seems to be required to ensure that no radon problem will occur. 

The major difference between these data and the Florida survey data in Table 31.3 is that this portion of the NEWHEP data was collected from newly constructed houses where passive radon-resistant construction features were being tested. There are no data on control houses in the same area that did not have those built-in features, making it difficult to compare soil radon measurements with indoor radon concentrations. It appears, however, that passive-only building techniques do not consistently result in indoor radon levels below 4 pCi/L. 

Ten houses were selected from past studies. Four of the houses were measured in two different seasons to assess the effect of weather changes. Houses were selected to exemplify both old and recent construction and to include wood, oil, and solar heat. 

We analysed the factors which influence the radon concentration in the dwellings. First of all, differences by house construction are shown in Figure 4. The results were suprising because the traditional wooden house structure unexpectedly gave higher radon concentrations than the ferro-concrete and prefabricated houses. 

Figure 4. Cumulative frequency distributions of radon concentration for dwellings with different house constructions traditional wooden, ferro-concrete and prefabricated. Numbers, arithmetic means and S.D.s, geometric means, medians, and ranges of radon measurements are also indicated at the bottom of the figure.

Measures to reduce radon concentrations have been studied in an old house in which the radon decay-product concentration initially exceeded 0.3 Working Level (WL). Some of the measures were only partially successful. Installation of a concrete floor, designed to prevent ingress of radon in soil gas, reduced the radon decay-product concentration below 0.1 WL, but radon continued to enter the house through pores in an internal wall of primitive construction that descended to the foundations. Radon flow was driven by the small pressure difference between indoor air and soil gas. An under-floor suction system effected a satisfactory remedy and maintained the concentration of radon decay products below 0.03 WL. 

The different types of insecticide formulations used in the USA and Japan are considered to be attributed to the differences in climate and house construction style. That is to say, mosquito coils are suitable to prevent mosquitoes from entering a house from outside in Japan where the weather is hot and humid in summer and the houses are of an open style. These conditions are similar in subtropical and tropical zones, including south-east Asia. 

An overview of animal welfare in organic farming by Vonne Lund is presented elsewhere (see Chapter 8). Animal welfare is reduced in conventional intensive housing systems because of high densities and lack of stimuli like straw, and this may lead to behavioural disturbances, injuries or some diseases. Livestock housing on organic farms should allow for the behavioural requirements of different farm animal species, facilitate efficient management, and use environmentally friendly construction materials and methods. 

A cost estimate has been prepared for the Ninotsminda UGS facility (see figure 6-3) - based on in-house RAMB0LL data. An adjustment has been introduced to take into account an estimated price difference for work carried out in Europe and Georgia. Particularly, construction and civil engineering works are presumed relatively cheaper in Georgia (a factor of 0.5 to 0.6 has been applied in this case)10. The price level is year 2003. 

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