Hormonal Naproxen

Stuer et al. [46] evaluated the presence of the 25 most used pharmaceuticals in the primary health sector in Denmark (e.g., paracetamol, acetyl salicylic acid, diazepam, and ibuprofen). They compared PECs with experimental determinations and they conclude that measured concentrations were in general within a factor of 2-5 of PECs. Carballa et al. [45] also determined PECs for pharmaceuticals (17), musk fragrances (2) and hormones (2) in sewage sludge matrix. For that purpose they used three different approaches (1) extrapolation of the per capita use in Europe to the number of Spanish inhabitants for musk fragrances (2) annual prescription items multiplied by the average daily dose for pharmaceuticals and (3) excretion rates of different groups of population for hormones. They indicated that these PECs fitted with the measured values for half of them (carbamazepine, diazepam, ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, sulfamethoxazole, roxithromycin, erythromycin, and 17a-ethiny I e strad iol). 

The OAT proteins play a critical role in the excretion and detoxification of a wide variety of drugs, toxins, hormones and neurotransmitter metabolites. A number of common non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), including acetyl salicylate and salicylate, acetaminophen, diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, indomethacin, and naproxen, are substrates of one or more OAT isoforms, so that there can be significant interactions between NSAlDs and other drugs. The 3-lactam antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins and penems) and the antiviral nucleosides adefovir, cidofovir,... 

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen sodium Alternative bromocriptine, danazol, oral contraceptives, gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist estrad iol/progesterone add-back therapy Migraines Caffeine restriction... 

One of the first SULTlAl inhibitors identified in the rat liver was 2, 6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol (DCNP) (Mulder and Scholtens, 1977). DCNP is a dead-end inhibitor, and exhibits low IC50 values toward SULTlAl and SULT 1 A3 (Seah and Wong, 1994). Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (HPCBs) are potent inhibitors of recombinant human SULTIEI. HPCBs exhibit low micromolar IC50 values toward thyroid hormones (Schuur et al., 1998). Several dietary chemicals such as quercetin, curcumin, and flavones are known to inhibit SULTs. Some commonly used drugs that inhibit SULTlAl and SULT1A3 activity include NSAIDs such as mefenamic acid, naproxen, and salicylic acid. 

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