Hopkins method

There is also the possible avai1abli1ity of very small amounts of A and B not extracted by Hopkins method. Experiments 5, 6 and 7 all illustrated that commerical "protene" contained both the A and B factors. 

This is the intensity of the exposure radiation in the plane of the wafer. The extended source method, or Hopkins method,is often used to predict the aerial image of a partially coherent, diffraction-limited, low-numerical-aperture-aherrated projection system based on scalar diffraction theory. For very high NA, vector calculations involving the complete solution of Maxwell s equation are used. The illumination may be of a single wavelength or it may be broadband. The illumination source may be a conventional disk shape or other more complicated shapes as in off-axis illumination. ... 

The first US. patent was for a method of making potash, issued in 1790 to Samuei Hopkins of Pittsford, Vermont. The patent examiner was Thomas Jefferson and the signator was George Washington. 

Hopkins, Arthur John. Bronzing methods in the alchemistic Leyden papyri. 

In addition to the three methods described above, nonlinear regression methods or other transform approaches may be used to determine the dispersion parameter. For a more complete treatment of the use of transform methods, consult the articles by Hopkins et al. (15) and Ostergaard and Michelsen (14). 

The above procedure for preparing tryptophane is an adaptation from the methods of Hopkins and Cole,1 Dakin,2 and Onslow.3... 

A highly versatile method for the synthesis of alkanes and other hydrocarbons from organic halides has been developed by E. J. Corey (Harvard University, Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1990), G. H. Posner (The Johns Hopkins University), and by G. M. Whitesides (Harvard University) and H. O. House (Georgia Institute of Technology). 

In fact, the two-point method can be considered a special case of the more general S-G concept, since it can be considered the application of the set of convolution coefficients —1, 0, 1 to the data. Of course, these convolution coefficients were created ad hoc, and not according to the general scheme that produces the S-G set. Nevertheless, it is convenient to group them together for the purpose of further examination. We are also indebted to David Hopkins for invaluable discussions concerning the properties of the S-G convolution coefficients (D. Hopkins, 2002, personal Communication). 

Osborne and Mendel were correct in believing that if cow s milk provided the necessary vitamines in small quantities such as Hopkins had found to be effective, their experiments ought to have shown this unequivocally even if the methods and basal diets were somewhat different. Yet, they could not obtain growth in rats as Hopkins did. Why not A careful study of Tables T and II reveals that Osborne and Mendel s rats did not eat as much total food per day as did Hopkins rats. Osborne and Mendel were aware of this phenomenon as was Hopkins, presumably. 

The major FDA concern came to be better comprehension of diethylene glycol s toxicology. The imminent trial in court required this. In a more basic sense, the crisis made FDA scientists aware of inadequacies in the state of the discipline. In constant contact with their peers at the AMA and at the University of Chicago and Johns Hopkins, a team of FDA scientists launched a project that "developed the first valid process for determining the comparative toxicity of compounds, a statistically based and legally defensible process that opened the door to modern toxicological testing methods" (77). 

Chloroacetophenone was among the many samples of possible war gases prepared by E. Emmet Reid and sent to the Bureau of Mines in 1917. Because there were no testing facilities for lachryma-tors until the central laboratory was completed, the value of this compound as a tear gas went unnoticed. It was January, 1918, before the results of the physiological tests were reported which showed chloroacetophenone to be superior to any other tear gas in use at the time (23). The Johns Hopkins University branch laboratory, in cooperation with a unit at American University then developed a method of synthesis. Although chloroacetophenone was not produced in quantity before the war ended, it became the standard tear gas used by civilian police after the war (38). 

Since the value of H depends on the choice of , modifications of this procedure have been proposed (Fernandez Piema and Massart 2000). Another modification of the Hopkins statistic—published in the chemometrics literature—concern the distributions of the values of the used variables (Hodes 1992 Jurs and Lawson 1991 Lawson and Jurs 1990). The Hopkins statistic has been suggested for an evaluation of variable selection methods with the aim to find a variable set (for instance, molecular descriptors) that gives distinct clustering of the objects (for instance, chemical structures)—hoping that the clusters reflect, for instance, different biological activities (Lawson and Jurs 1990). 

Ginzburg, C. Clues, Myths, and the Historical Method. Baltimore Johns Hopkins, 1992. 

M.A. Cook et al, JApplPhys 30, 1579-84(1959) (Instrumented Card-Gap or SPHF-Plate Test) 23) Baum, Stanyukovich Shekhter (1959). 754-71 (Deton by influence thru air) 771-78 (Deton by influence thru condensed media) 778-81 (Safe distances for propagation of deton betw some expl chges used in Rus coal mines) 23a) Liquid Propellants Info Agency, Applied Physics Lab, Johns Hopkins Univ, "Liquid Propellants Test Methods, Test No 1, Card-Gap Test for Shock Sensitivity of Liquid Monopropellants (March i960)... 

Samuel Hopkins modifies the method for burning wood to make potash and is issued the first United States patent in 1790. 

Zawalski Kovacic J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44. 2130. For another method, see Moriarty Hopkins Prakash Vaid Vaid Synth. Commun. 1990, 20. 2353. 

In this equation a negative transition term is omitted, which vanishes at large times. The method of Hopkins and Hamming is justified by the fact that, for a description of steady flow, the upper integration limit t in eq. (2.3) can always be chosen so large that the intervals of r, where G (t) differs from zero, and where the transient term of / (t— x) differs from zero, can be separated. This is the reason, why influence of the transition term of J (t— x) disappears in the final result. 

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