Hookworm disease treatment

The mechanism of action by which pyrantel pamoate is effective lor the treatment of Necator americanu.% (hookworm) disease is... 

Leach CN. 1922. Carbon tetrachloride in the treatment of hookworm disease. J Am Med Assoc 78 1789-1790. 

KendrickJF. 1929. The treatment of hookworm disease with tetrachloroethylene. AmJTropMed 483-488. 

Stwngyloides stercoralis infection is acquired, like hookworm, from filariform larvae in contaminated soil that penetrate the skin. This parasite maintains itself for many decades in the small intestine asymptomatically. Persons treated with immunosuppressive drugs or who are debilitated by chronic illness may be at risk for widespread tissue invasion or hyperinfection syndrome. Prompt treatment may be life saving in disseminated disease. 

Mebendazole is used primarily for the treatment of A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura, E. vermicularis, and hookworm infections, in which it produces high cure rates. It is an alternative agent for the treatment of trichinosis and visceral larva migrans. Owing to its broad-spectrum anthelmintic effect, mixed infections (ascariasis, hookworm infestation, or enterobiasis in association with trichuriasis) frequently respond to therapy. High doses have been used to treat hydatid disease, but albendazole is now thought to be superior. 

Albendazole, a broad-spectrum oral antihelminthic, is the drug of choice and is approved in the USA for treatment of hydatid disease and cysticercosis. It is also used in the treatment of pinworm and hookworm infections, ascariasis, trichuriasis, and strongyloidiasis. 

Albendazole (Albenza) is primarily used to treat infections caused by the larval form of certain cestodes (tapeworms). These infections often cause cysts (hydatid disease) in the liver, lungs, and other tissues albendazole is used as an adjunct to the surgical removal of these cysts or as the primary treatment if these cysts are inoperable. This drug is also effective against many gastrointestinal roundworms and hookworms, and is typically used as a secondary agent if other anthelmintics are not effective in treating these infections. 

Levamisole hydrochloride is used in the treatment of helminth infections and as an adjuvant in malignant disease. It is active against intestinal nematode worms and appears to act by paralyzing and eliminating susceptible worms. It has proven valuable in the treatment of ascariasis and hookworm infections. The use of levamisole should be avoided in patients with preexisting blood disorders. 

It is widely used across the globe for the management and treatment of intestinal nematode infection. It is also quite effective as a single-dose-treatment for ascariasis, New and Old World hookworm infections, and trichuriasis. It has been observed that a recommended multi-dose therapy with albendazol may help in the complete eradication of pinworm, threadworm, capillariasis, chlonorchiasis, and hydated disease as well. However, the overall observed effectiveness of albendazole against tapeworms (cestodes) is obviously more variable and less impressive apparently. 

Thiabendazole (Mintezo ) (XXVIII) and bephenium hydroxynaphthoate (Alcopar ) (XXIX) are now available in the United States for the treatment of intestinal parasitoses. Thiabendazole is claimed to be particularly effective against enterobiasis and strongyloidiasis (threadworm disease). Bephenium is reported to be effective against hookworm infections. 7... 

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