Hooker process

Benzene Oxychlorin tion. In the benzene oxychlorination process, also known as the Raschig Hooker process, benzene is oxychlorinated with hydrogen chloride, air, and with the presence of iron and copper chloride catalyst to form chlorobenzene. The reaction occurs at 200—260°C and atmospheric pressure. The chlorobenzene is hydrolyzed at 480°C in the presence of a suitable catalyst to produce phenol and chloride. The yield of phenol is - 90 mol% of theoretical. These plants have been shut down for environmental and economic reasons. 

The procedure described above is a variant of the Raschig process and was developed by the Hooker Chemical Co. (U.K.) in 1964. The improvements over the original Raschig process (about 1930) include the hydrolysis catalyst, which renders unnecessary the separation of dichlorobenzenes, and the single distillation train. The Hooker process gives an overall phenol yield of 85—90% and has practically no requirement of auxiliary chemicals. 

A more effective production method was invented in the 1890s by E.S. Smith which involved the electrolysis of salt solution to produce NaOH and CI2 gas, which was then mixed together to form NaOCl. Nowadays, the only large-scale industrial method for production of NaOCl is called the Hooker process, and is just an... 

Impact extrusion similar to cold extrusion, but cold billet is plastically deformed by a single blow of the tool. Can be forward or backward extrusion (Hooker process). 

Backward extrusion billet displaced by advancing ram with die attached to front and extrudate travels through the center of the ram. Limited to short lengths only. Similar to Hooker process. 

Alkaline Chloride Electrolysis by the Diaphragm Process System Hooker, Uhde GmbH, Dortmund, Germany, 1985. 

Many processes have been used to produce tetrachloroethylene. One of the first was chlorination of acetylene (C2H2) to form tetrachloroethane, followed by dehydrochlorination to trichloroethylene. If tetrachloroethylene was desired, the trichloroethylene was further chlorinated to pentachloroethane and dehydrochlorinated. This process is no longer used in the United States Hooker Chemical closed down the last plant in 1978. 

In the 1930s, the Raschig Co. in Germany developed a different chlorobenzene-phenol process in which steam with a calcium phosphate catalyst was used to hydrolyze chlorobenzene to produce phenol (qv) and HCl (6). The recovered HCl reacts with air and benzene over a copper catalyst (Deacon Catalyst) to produce chlorobenzene and water (7,8). In the United States, a similar process was developed by the BakeHte Division of Union Carbide Corp., which operated for many years. The Durez Co. Hcensed the Raschig process and built a plant in the United States which was later taken over by the Hooker Chemical Corp. who made significant process improvements. 

Titchener-Hooker, N. J., Gritsis, D., Mannweiler, K., Olbrich, R., Gardiner, S. A. M., Fish, N. M., and Hoare, M., Integrated process design for producing and recovering proteins from inclusion bodies, BioPharm, July/Aug., 34,1991. 

There are different ways of producing chlorine from brine, for example, Dow cells, Hooker cells, and mercury cells. Which process is to be used must be known in order to make an accurate economic evaluation, since the capital costs and operating costs are different for each of these processes. The process engineer may have to investigate the different processes and economically evaluate each before deciding which process is best. 

Pemert A process for making perchloric acid by reacting sodium perchlorate with hydrochloric acid. Invented by J. C. Pemert in 1946 and operated by the Hooker Electrochemical Company at Niagara Falls. 

Raschig (2) Also called Raschig-Hooker. A two-stage regenerative process for making phenol from benzene. The benzene is first chlorinated with hydrochloric acid in the presence of air, at 200 to 260°C, over a copper catalyst on an alumina base ... 

SVP A process for making chlorine dioxide by reacting sodium chlorate with hydrochloric acid. Invented in 1971 by the Hooker Chemical Corporation, Niagara Falls. 

See Hooker and Grossman (1999) for more details on occurrence of disjunctions in process synthesis problems. 

Grossmann, I. E. and J. Hooker. Logic Based Approaches for Mixed Integer Programming Models and Their Application in Process Synthesis. FOCAPD Proceedings, AIChE Symp. Ser. 96 (323) 70-83 (2000). 

Shamlou, P. A., and Titchener-Hooker, N., Turbulent aggregation and breakup of particles in liquids in liquids in stirred vessels, in "Processing of Solid-Liquid Suspensions" (P. A. Shamlou Ed.), pp. 1-25. Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, Oxford (1993). 

Bernard, T., Perineau, F., Delmas, M. and Caset, A. (1989) Extraction of essential oils by refining of plant materials. II. Processing of products in the dry state lllicium verum Hooker (fruit) and Cinnamomum zeylanicum (bark). Flavour and Fragrance Journal 4, 85-90. 

In addition, they analyzed the measurements of Taylor, Camac, and Feinberg [217] for CO-NO mixtures. The results are presented in Figure 3.28, taken from their paper. Also shown are the data of Hooker and Millikan [187] for V-T relaxation in CO, along with room-temperature results of Bauer and Roesler [111] and of Basco et al. [180], The dashed lines were calculated by SSH theory [30] [see equation (59)]. The V-T probability for CO-CO collisions is shown by a solid line for comparison. The resulting V-V probabilities are found to be in general agreement with the SSH theory, except for the CO-H2 case. For this pair, rotational energy also contributes to the transfer process, as discussed in Part 4 below. 

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