Chloride electrolysis

Alkaline Chloride Electrolysis by the Diaphragm Process System Hooker, Uhde GmbH, Dortmund, Germany, 1985. 

Russian Process Technology. Magnesium production ia the former Soviet Union is apparently done via molten chloride electrolysis (29,30). The basic process uses camaOite [1318-27-0], MgCl2 KCl 6H20, either from natural deposits or as a by-product of processiag natural salt deposits, as its... 

A number of attempts to produce tire refractory metals, such as titanium and zirconium, by molten chloride electrolysis have not met widr success with two exceptions. The electrolysis of caesium salts such as Cs2ZrCl6 and CsTaCle, and of the fluorides Na2ZrF6 and NaTaFg have produced satisfactoty products on the laboratory scale (Flengas and Pint, 1969) but other systems have produced merely metallic dusts aird dendritic deposits. These observations suggest tlrat, as in tire case of metal deposition from aqueous electrolytes, e.g. Ag from Ag(CN)/ instead of from AgNOj, tire formation of stable metal complexes in tire liquid electrolyte is the key to success. 

Magnesium is reduced from a mixture of magnesium, calcium, and sodium chlorides. Electrolysis from aqueous solution is also possible zinc, copper, and manganese dissolved as sulfates in water can be reduced electrolytically from aqueous solution. 

Oxygen-depolarised cathodes for sodium chloride electrolysis... 

Krupp Uhde (1999) Brochure Alkaline Chloride Electrolysis Technology - Superior Krupp Uhde Membrane Process . 

This well known alloy produced by fused chloride electrolysis of the light lanthanide elements constitutes over 90% of the rare earth metals (RE3 l s) consumed for steeLnaking in the western world. It is estimated that approximately 3,000 metric tons of mischmetal, worth about 35 million, are added to liquid steel every year,... 

As with other chlorides electrolysis can give rise to nitrogen trichloride. The anticaking agents used on commercial potassium chloride may be nitrogenous. Purification methods for potassium hydroxide manufacture are discusssed. 

Ammonium Chloride. Electrolysis of mixtures of NH4C1 and HCN can form explosive nitrogen trichloride.4... 

Energy consumptions lower than 10 kWh/kg Al will require fundamental changes in the aluminum industrial technology, such as the use of bipolar electrodes or the use of aluminum chloride electrolysis [229],... 

The study of molten haloaluminates was initiated because these melts are interesting from a scientific point of view. Practically, these melts are used for aluminum electroplating, as electrolytes in low temperatures batteries (see below) and, likewise, aluminum production by electrolysis of these melts has been tried (see Section II.A.7 Aluminum Chloride Electrolysis ). 

Electrolysing hypochlorite on Pt in 1M NaOH chlorite was found to be an intermediate using Raman spectroscopy (Tasaka and Tojo 1985). The authors suggest a stepwise OC1- -> C102- — C103- electrochemical oxidation. The non-selective character of OH radicals lets one conclude that similar stepwise mechanisms are responsible in chloride electrolysis using BDD anodes. 

Alkali chloride electrolysis — Chlorine with its coproduct sodium hydroxide (also called caustic soda or simply caustic) has been produced on an industrial scale for more than a century by the electrolysis of a saturated solution of sodium chloride (brine). The process, which is often referred to as brine electrolysis or chlorine-... 

Bipolar electrode — An electrode shared between two neighboring electrolysis cells, this way acting as anode in one and as cathode in the second cell. Useful if cells are series-coupled, since the electrode material itself forms the interconnection between cells. Applied preferably in - secondary batteries, in -> fuel cells, and in -> alkali chloride electrolysis. 

Chlor-alkali production — With a 63% production volume of the total world chlorine capacity of about 43.4 million tons (in 1998), the chlor-alkali (or chlorine-caustic) industry is one of the largest electrochemical technologies in the world. Chlorine, Cl2, with its main co-product sodium hydroxide, NaOH, has been produced on industrial scale for more than a century by -> electrolysis of brine, a saturated solution of sodium chloride (-> alkali chloride electrolysis). Today, they are among the top ten chemicals produced in the world. Sodium chlorate (NaC103) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl, bleach ) are important side products of the... 

Amalgam process Cooled aqueous solutions of sodium hydrogen sulfite are reduced with sodium amalgam (from sodium chloride electrolysis). The sodium dithionite formed is recovered by crystallization. 

Manufacture using the membrane process is gaining in importance, since new chlorine capacity exclusively utilizes this technology. In Japan sodium chloride electrolysis is exclusively carried out membrane plants. The percentage contributions of the three processes to chlorine production are given in Table 1.7-15 (Europe) and Table 1.7-16 (worldwide). 

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