HMPAO

Holman BL, Carvalho PA, Mendelson J, er al Brain perfusion is abnormal in cocaine-dependent polydrug users a study using technetium-99m-HMPAO and ASPECT. J Nucl Med 32 1206-1210, 1991... 

Fig. 9. PnAO and HMPAO (acro-nyms used in nuclear medicine) Pn = propylene, AO = amine oxime ...

Iyo, M., Namba, H., Yanagisawa, M. et al. Abnormal cerebral perfusion in chronic methamphetamine abusers a study using 99MTc-HMPAO and SPECT. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 21 789, 1997. 

Mah, G., Reilly, R. M., Wong, G. L. and Houle, S. A comparison of three methods to determine the radiochemical purity of 99mTc-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime (99mTc-HMPAO). Nucl. Med. Commun. 10 733-740,1989. 

Baird, A. E., Austin, M. C., McKay, W. J. and Donnan, G. A. Sensitivity and specificity of 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT cerebral perfusion measurements during the first 48 hours for the localization of cerebral infarction. Stroke 28 976-980,1997. 

Imran, M. B., Kawashima, R., Awata, S. et al. Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT in the evaluation of Alzheimer s disease correlation between neuropsychiatric evaluation and CBF images. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 66 228-232,1999. 

Rose JS, Branchey M, Buydens-Branchey L, Stapleton JM, Chasten K, Werrell A, Maayan ML. (1996). Cerebral perfusion in early and late opiate withdrawal a technetium-99m-HMPAO SPECT study. Psychiatry Res. 67(1) 39 7. 

One method for the labeling of liposomes with chelator, hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HMPAO) was developed by Phillips et al. (16). Lipophilic HMPAO enters the liposome where it interacts with glutathione and becomes converted to the hydrophilic form, which is trapped in the liposome. A detailed protocol for radiolabeling liposomes using Tc-HMPAO has been reported (3). In a typical experiment, 10 to 15mCi (370-555 MBq) of Tc in the form of sodium pertechnetate... 

The HMPAO-glutathione method has been used in a number of preclinical animal studies (19). An example is shown in Figure 1, where the biodistribution of Tc-HMPAO-labeled PEG liposomes is compared to... 

The BMEDA method shares some of the same features as the HMPAO method such as good in vitro and in vivo stability with a variety of preformed liposome formulations, and the need for coencapsulation of glutathione. In addition, an advantage of the BMEDA-labeling method is that it can also be used for labeling liposomes with therapeutic rhenium radionuclides (22). Currently, for the BMEDA method, there is no commercially available kit. Also the BMEDA chemical is not currently commercially available and must be synthesized. 

N.J. Dougall, S. Bmggink, K.P. Ebmeier, Systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT in dementia. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 12 (2004) 554-570. 

Tutus et al., 1998 14 MDD 11 NC 11-15 Tc HMPAO hrain SPECT MDD < NC rCBF left anterofrontal and temporal lobes... 

Kowatch et al., 1999 7 MDD 7 NC 13-18 Tc HMPAO hrain SPECT MDD > NC rCBF temporal lobe subregions MDD < NC rCBF anterior thalamus, left parietal lobe, right caudate... 

DA, dopamine DD, depressive disorders (major depression and/or dysthymia) DZ, dizygotic twins 5-HT, serotonin p-CIT, iodine-123-labeled 2p-carbomethoxy-3p(iodophenyl) tropane MDD,major depressive disorder MRI, magnetic resonance imaging MZ, monozygotic twins NC, normal controls PC, psychiatric controls PTSD post-traumatic stress disorder rCBF, regional cerebral blood flow SPECT, single photon emission computerized tomography Tc HMPAO, technetium-99m hexamethylpropylene amine oxime. 

Kowatch, R.A., Devous, M.D., Sr., Harvey, D.C., Mayes, T.L., Tri-vedi, M.H., Emslie, G.J., and Weinherg, W.A. (1999) A SPECT HMPAO study of regional cerebral blood flow in depressed adolescents and normal controls. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 23 643-656. 

Kidwell CS, Alger JR, Di Salle F, Starkman S, Villablanca P, Bentson J, Saver JL (1999) Diffusion MRI in patients with transient ischemic attacks. Stroke 30 1174-1180 KimuraM,Sejima H.Ozasa H,YamaguchiS(1998)Technetium-99m-HMPAO SPECT in patients with hemiconvulsions followed by Todd s paralysis. Pediatr Radiol 28 92-94 Kleiner-Fisman G, Kott HS (1998) Myasthenia gravis mimicking stroke in elderly patients. Mayo Clin Proc 73 1077-1078... 

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