HM in Germany

Methods of Critical Load Calculations for Heavy Metals 

The approach, similar to that described in Section 3.2 was applied for the calculation of critical loads of HM s for German soils. 

According to the heavy metals effects, the soil microbes, crops and ground waters as a source of drinking water, are the most important receptors. During migration in the food web, the heavy metals, especially Cd and Hg, can affect also higher organisms, 

The Critical concentrations with respect to the soil organisms should be related to a low effect level on the most sensitive species. The effects on the process of metabolism and other processes within the organisms should be considered and also the diversity of the species, which is most sensitive to the heavy metals, has to be accounted. Critical limits must refer to the chronic or accumulated effects. For assessment of the critical concentrations in crops and in drinking water, human-toxicological information is required. In general, for establishing critical loads we should also account the additive effects of the different metals and combination effect between the acidification and biogeochemical mobilization of the heavy metals in soils and bottom sediments. 

The environmental standards based on total heavy metal concentration in the soil solution seem the most important criterion for the exposition of further compartments of the environment. The additional effects connected with metal speciation and complexations were not considered in the study. 

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The available information for calculation of critical loads of HMs in Germany is shown in Figure 4. This figure shows also the schematic algorithms for CL calculations. 

Figure 4. Database for initial information for calculation of HM critical loads in Germany (Bashkin and Gregor, 1999).

Mukherjee S, Sackeim HA, Schnur DB Electroconvulsive therapy of acute manic episodes a review of 50 years experience. Am J Psychiatry 151 169-176, 1994 Muller AA, Stoll K-D Carbamazepine and oxcarbamazepine in the treatment of manic syndromes studies in Germany, in Anticonvulsants in Affective Disorders. Edited by Emrich HM, Okuma T, Muller AA. Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, 1984, pp 139-147... 

Present case studies of HM critical load calculations in different countries. Discuss the approach for CL assessment in Germany. 

Koch HM, Wittassek M, Bruning T et al (2011) Exposure to phthalates in 5-6 years old primary school starters in Germany—a human biomonitoring study and a cumulative risk assessment. Int J Hyg Environ Health 214(3) 188-195... 

Ishiki HM, Galembeck SE, do Amaral AT (2001) Rational approaches to drug design. In Proceedings of the 13th European symposium on quantitative structure-activity relationships, Duesseldorf, Germany, 27 Aug-1 Sept, 2000. Prous Science, Barcelona, p 340... 

The green hairy roots cultured in the light for 3 weeks were used for the fluorescent microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For the fluorescent microscopy, frozen sections (15 pm in thickness) were prepared using microtome cryostat (HM 500 OM, Microme, Heidelberg, Germany) and sealed with 50% glycerol on glass slides. Localization of chloroplasts was observed by fluorescent microscopy (VANOX AH-3, Olympus). 

Hoetelmans RMW, Reijers MHE, Wit FW, ten Kate RW, Weige HM, Frissen PHJ, Bruisten SM, Beijnen JH, Lange JMA. Saquinavir (SQV) pharmacokinetics in combination with nelfinavir (NFV) in the ADAM study. 6 European Conference on Clinical Aspects and Treatment of HI V-infection, Hamburg, Germany, 1997. Abstract 255. 

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