History acetic acid

For most of human history, acetic acid, in the form of vinegar, has been made by acetic acid bacteria of the genus Acetobacter. Given sufficient oxygen, these bacteria can produce vinegar from a variety of alcoholic foodstuffs. Commonly used feeds include apple cider, wine, and fermented grain, malt, rice, or potato mashes. The overall chemical reaction facilitated by these bacteria is ... 

Vapors emitted from the materials of closed storage and exhibit cases have been a frequent source of pollution problems. Oak wood, which in the past was often used for the constmction of such cases, emits a significant amount of organic acid vapors, including formic and acetic acids, which have caused corrosion of metal objects, as well as shell and mineral specimens in natural history collections. Plywood and particle board, especially those with a urea—formaldehyde adhesive, similarly often emit appreciable amounts of corrosive vapors. Sealing of these materials has proven to be not sufficiently rehable to prevent the problem, and generally thek use for these purposes is not considered acceptable practice. 

The PVA price has historically reflected the cost of ethylene, acetic acid, and energy. The price history for a medium molecular weight, fully hydrolyzed grade is 0.77/kgin 1970, 2.20/kgin 1980, 2.75/kgin 1988, and 2.65/kgin 1995. 

Types of wood and their chemical resistance and physical characteristics are reviewed, including examples showing the manufacture of typical tank and pipe construction. In-service case histories are included. While this coverage takes you from the Forest to the plants making acetic acid, that is beyond the need for most users it is hoped that the reader becomes aware that this product family is the only MOC for several CPI applications and is a competitive choice over some quite exotic materials, e.g., titanium, in others. 

Acetic acid, 2-Methyl-2-pentenal Nolan, 1983, Case history 73... 

One example of the application of in situ electrochemical epr concerns the study of the Kolbe reaction. As was discussed in section 1.3, the Kolbe reaction involves some extremely complex processes and considerable effort has been expended in the search for the identities of the radical intermediates. Evidence for such intermediates remains sparse but one system that has provided such evidence is the electro-oxidation of triphenyl acetic acid (TPA) at a platinum electrode in acetonitrile (Waller and Compton, 1989). The case history of epr in the study of this system is a very good example of the application of the technique to provide details of a reaction mechanism. In... 

Pyrolysis has a long history in the upgrading of biomass. The dry distillation of hardwood was applied in the early 1990s to produce organic intermediates (methanol and acetic acid), charcoal and fuel gas [3]. Today s processes can be tuned to form char, oil and/or gas, all depending on the temperature and reaction time, from 300 °C and hours, to 400-500 °C and seconds-minutes, to >700 °C and a fraction of a second [3, 19, 23, 24], The process is typically carried out under inert atmosphere. We illustrate the basic chemistry of pyrolysis by focusing on the conversion of the carbohydrate components (Fig. 2.4). The reaction of the lignin will not be covered here but should obviously be considered in a real process. Interested readers could consult the literature, e.g., [25]. Pyrolysis is discussed in more details elsewhere in this book [26],... 

In the late eighteenth century, Lavoisier not untypically treated organic substances, like tartaric acid, malic acid, and acetic acid, at the conclusion of his treatise on chemistry, without actually organizing the properties of hydrocarbons into a separate section.49 In contrast, in the last volume of his four-volume history of chemistry, Kopp included a separate section on "die Ausbildung der organische Chemie" (1847). Carl Schorlemmer s Rise and Development of Organic Chemistry, published in 1879, was the first history of organic chemistry per se.50... 

Beginning in the fifties, acetic acid was predominantly obtained from paraffin oxidation, especially n-butane W. Acetic acid s chemical history has been rich and varied. 

The pyrophosphates are more stable than the free acid and show some reactions which are described on p. 180. Among these may be mentioned the white precipitate of Ag2HaP207 which is insoluble in acetic acid (see History ).2... 

Carboxylate complexes of the lanthanides differ from those of many trivalent transition metals in that they do not adopt oxo-centered structures with M3 O cores. The hydrated acetates have a long history, with the first examples reported by Cleve in 1874 they can be synthesized by dissolving the oxides in acetic acid and the anhydrous compounds obtained by azeotropic distillation. 

Anisidine value. The p-anisidine value (p-AnV) measures the amount of unsaturated aldehydes in fats and oils. In this method, p-anisidine reacts with aldehydes in acetic acid to afford a yellowish color that is measured at 350 nm. The color intensity depends on the amount of aldehydes as weU as on their structure. The AOCS Method Cd 18-90 (22) has been standardized for anisidine value analysis. The Totox value, which is 2 PV + p-AnV, provides information about the current status of oxidation as well as its history and is used by the industry. 

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