Histologic examination

Diagnosis is based on clinical features. Biopsy and histologic examination maybe useful when clinical appearance is not typical. 

Implants in the rabbit corneas exhibited no observable inflammatory characteristics over a period of 6 weeks. Compared to other previously tested polymers, the inertness of these polyanhydrides rivals that of the biocompatible poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. Histological examination of the removed corneas also revealed the absence of inflammatory cells (21)... 

No abnormalities were noted in any of the computer-assisted tomography scans or magnetic resonance images, nor in the blood chemistry or hematology evaluations. No systemic effects of the implants were noted on histological examination of any of the tissues exaoiined. No unexpected or untoward reactions to the treatments were observed. 

In contrast, implantation of four small pieces of poly(N-palmitoyl-hydroxyproline ester) into four rabbit corneas elicited no pathological response in three corneas and a very mild inflammatory response in one cornea. Histological examination of the corneas 4 weeks postimplantation showed no invading blood vessels or migrating inflammatory cells in the area around the implants. 

Mastocytosis is recognized in most patients because of the presence of characteristic cutaneous lesions [10]. A positive Darier s sign and/or histological examination of the skin using metachromatic stains, or by immunohistochemistry using antibodies to mast cell tryptase, helps confirm the diagnosis of cutaneous disease. 

Microorganisms demonstrated by culture or histologic examination of a vegetation that has embolized, or an intracardiac abscess specimen, or... 

Pathologic lesions vegetation or intracardiac abscess confirmed by histologic examination showing active endocarditis Clinical criteria ... 

Several animal studies conducted histological examination of the heart following intermediate-duration dermal exposure to organophosphate ester hydraulic fluids. No cardiovascular effects were observed in rats exposed to 5,750 mg/kg/day of Fyrquel 220 (MacEwen and Vemot 1983), or rabbits exposed to 1,000 mg/kg/day of cyclotriphosphazene (Kinkead et al. 1989c, 1990) or an unspecified amount of Cellulube 220 (Carpenter et al. 1959). 

Significant increases in serum urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels (which may be indicative of impaired renal function) were observed in Pasteurella-infected rabbits exposed to 2,875 or 5,750 mg/kg/day of Fyrquel 220 for an intermediate duration (MacEwen and Vemot 1983). The results of the histological examination were not reported, and the renal effects of the infection were not discussed. 

Controversial results were reported by Warheit et al. in two studies [57, 65] in which rats were exposed to raw SWNTs. Cell proliferation and cytotoxicity indices indicated that exposure to SWNTs produced only transient inflammation. Histological examination of exposed animals, however, identified the development of granulomas, which were non-dose dependent, nonuniform in distribution and not progressive after 1 month. The presence of granulomas was considered inconsistent with the lack of severe lung inflammation. These two reports highlighted the need for more research on the potential pulmonary toxicity of CNTs, shifting the scientific focus towards this aim. 

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