Japan Hiroshima

Y. Shimizu and co-workers, "Life Span Study Report 11, Part 1, Comparison of Risk Coefficients for Site-Specific Cancer MortaUty," Technical Report RERF-TR-12-87, Radiation Effect Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan, 1987. 

To obtain an idea of the energy that may be released and the destruction that it can cause, one may compare it with the energy of 8 x 10 ergs released during the atomic explosion at Hiroshima, Japan, in 1945. This is equivalent to an earthquake of M 6.33. The extent of destruction may be equivalent to an explosion of 10 such bomb.s if M is 7.0 and many times more at yet higher magnitudes. 

Two atomic bombs named "Fat Han and "Little Boy." The latter was used to destroy Hiroshima, Japan, during World War II. (Library of Congress)... 

Graduate School of Engineering Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan... 

HIROSHIMA UNIVERSITY, HIROSHIMA, JAPAN NATHAN S. LEWIS... 

Yield Strength of a nuclear weapon, usually expressed in tons of TNT. The bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan in 1945 had a yield of approximately 15,000 tons (15 kilotons) of TNT. Modern high-yield weapons have yields >1000 kilotons of TNT. The 4000 lb ammonium nitrate bomb used to blow up the Oklahoma City Federal Building in 1995 was equivalent to about 1.5 tons (0.0015 kilotons) of TNT. 

A significant body of data defines the relationship between radiation dose and cancer incidence. This dataset is primarily from a study of the atomic bomb survivors from Nagasaki and Hiroshima, Japan but also includes data from animal studies and other sources of information. While additional data are continuously collected and... 

A great deal was learned from the atomic bomb survivors. The US military dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan on 6 August 1945 and a second on Nagasaki, Japan, three days later. The bombs used two different types of radioactive material, 235U in the first bomb and 239Pu in the second. It is estimated that... 

This year there were completed the first three atomic (or nuclear) bombs. The first bomb was successfully exploded in the New Mexico desert on July 16, 1945, and a second over Hiroshima, Japan on Aug 6, 1945, and the third over Nagasaki on Aug 9, 1945. The bombs were of Fission Type and of tens of kilotons (thousands of tons of TNT equivalent) (Vol 1 of Encycl, p A499-L)... 

Beebe, G.W., Kato, H., and Land, C.E. (1978b). Life Span Study Report Mortality Experience of Atomic Bomb Survivors, 1950-74, RERF TR 1-77 (Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan). 

RERF (1987). Radiation Effects Research Foundation. U.S.-Japan Joint Reassessment of Atomic Bomb Radiation Dosimetry in Hiroshima and Naga-saki, Final Report, VoL I II, Roesch, W.C., Ed. (Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan). 

II. On August 6, 1945, an atomic bomb (nicknamed as Little Boy ) was dropped by an American B-29 bomber (Enola Gay) over Hiroshima, Japan instantly killing more than 70000 people. On August 9, 1945, the USA dropped a second atomic bomb (nicknamed Fat Man ) killing some 40000 people in Nagasaki, Japan. Because of this large-scale devastation, such nuclear explosive devices have never again been used in a war. 

Constructing a fission bomb is a formidable task. The difficulty is in separating enough uranium-235 from the more abundanr uranium-238. Scientists took more than 2 years to extract enough of the 235 isotope from uranium ore to make the bomb detonated at Hiroshima, Japan, in 1945. To this day, uranium isotope separation remains a difficulr process. 

It can be seen that the mass numbers on either side of the equation add up to the same number, 238, and that 92 protons are accounted for in the equation s product and reactant sides. This is a balanced nuclear equation. Actually, some mass is converted into energy, but the amount of mass is very small. From Albert Einstein s equation, E = me2, very little mass, m, is needed to produce a tremendous amount of energy, E, because c is the speed of light, 3 x 108 m/sec. This energy was evidenced when an atomic bomb was exploded over Hiroshima, Japan, during World War II. The fuel for that bomb was uranium-235. 

Eiichi Kimura, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan... 

XII International Symposium on Macrocyclic Chemistry Hiroshima, Japan 20-23 July 1987 E. Kimura... 

Figure 4.11 Soil profile showing Hebeloma mdicosum (fallen) fruiting out of the deserted latrines (L) near the nest (N) of a mole stick indicates occurrence a little before of another fruit body. The folded scale is 51.5 cm long. Place and date Quercus forest, Hiroshima, Japan, November 11, 2000. Mole species concerned possibly Mogera imaizumii. There is no other way than using this fungus to locate a mole s nest unless radio-tracking techniques are used.

Domestic pig feces Pinus Hiroshima, Japan xi.1975 viii-xi.1976 Sagara et al. (1978)... 

Takeno, S., Moh, G. H. High temperature experimentation with selected sulfides, unpublished research, Hiroshima/Japan (1976)... 

Current address Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan. 

Now Mr. Plex stares at Miss Muxdroozol s white body and retractable canines. May I remind the lady that a kiloton is equivalent to blasting 1,000 tons of TNT, and a megaton has a blast equivalent of one million tons. As comparison, the bomb humans dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, in 1945, released energy equaling 15,000 tons (or 15 kilotons). ... 

INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED MATERIALS RESEARCH HIROSHIMA UNIVERSITY 1-3-1 KAGAMIYAMA HIGASHI-HIROSHIMA 739-8530 HIROSHIMA, JAPAN Tel -1-81-82-424-3904 Fax -1-81-82-424-5744 koiimav hiroshima-u.ac.ip... 

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