High trade flow

Technical solutions may well tackle the problem. But in terms of global equity, forcing high-end technologies as first choice to combat the adverse environmental impacts of transport will be in favour of the industries in the developed countries. The analysis of world patent applications and global trade flows on behalf of the German Environment Ministry (Edler et al., 2007) demonstrates that developing and transition economies only play a very minor role in the developement and trade of new vehicles and propulsion systems. In the field of sustainable propulsion systems, non-OECD countries participate in world trade with 13% of imports and exports, but contributed only 2% of patent applications in 2005. 

How is the worldwide trade flow for High Performance Pigments ... 

Increasing the CO2 rate decreased the extraction time. The effect of temperature, pressure and CO2 flow rate were more pronounced during the first half of the extraction and differences in oil yield were similar after 4 h of extraction time regardless of the operating parameters. The authors postulated that the increase in CO2 flow rate resulted in increased internal mass transfer rate with concomitant increase in extraction efficiency. The model identified a clear trade-off between CO2 flow rate and extraction duration. Higher CO2 flow rates increase oil extraction but the efficiency diminishes over time while the cost of the extraction increases due to time and CO2 costs. High CO2 flow rates with short duration appear to be the most efficient. 

Hydrophobe-modified copolymers of acrylate esters with acryflc or methacryflc acid are finding increasing use as high quality thickeners for both trade sales and industrial paints (186). Formulations thickened with these unique water-soluble polymers show excellent flow and leveling characteristics. 

The RR developed by the author at UCC was the only one that had a high recycle rate with a reasonably known internal flow (Berty, 1969). This original reactor was named later after the author as the Berty Reactor . Over five hundred of these have been in use around the world over the last 30 years. The use of Berty reactors for ethylene oxide process improvement alone has resulted in 300 million pounds per year increase in production, without addition of new facilities (Mason, 1966). Similar improvements are possible with many other catalytic processes. In recent years a new blower design, a labyrinth seal between the blower and catalyst basket, and a better drive resulted in an even better reactor that has the registered trade name of ROTOBERTY . ... 

The concentration of a solute has a considerable effect on the viscosity of the fluid and so on the surface convective resistance to heat flow. There is little published data on these effects, so applications need to be checked from basic principles. Industrial alcohol (comprising ethyl alcohol with a statutory addition of methyl alcohol to render it poisonous) may be used as a secondary refrigerant, either at 100% concentration or mixed with water. The fluid has a low viscosity and good heat transfer, but is nowlittle used on account of its toxicity and the fire risk in high concentrations. Other nonfreeze heat transfer fluids are used in specialist trades. 

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