High-temperature stainless steel

Figure 1. Principal circuit of high temperature cell for voltammetry investigations under excess gas pressure 1 - high-temperature stainless steel box 2 -quartz box 3 - crucible and country electrode 4 — indicated electrode 5 - reference electrode 6 - thermocouple 7 - Pt lead wire for crucible 8 - water cooling for cell cover 9 -valve of pressure release in cell 10 - hose coupling 11 - gas control valves 12 - intermediate gas container (filling volume -2 liters) 13 - gauge-pressure manometer.

E.R. Geus, W.J.W. Bakker, J.A. Moulijn, and H. van Bekkum, High-temperature stainless steel supponed zeolite (MFI) membranes Preparation, module construction and permeation experiments, Microporous Mater. 7 131 (1993). 

High-temperature stainless steels, most polycrystalline superalloys, and chromized coatings rely on the formation of a surface layer of chromia for oxidation protection. The effects of reactive element additions are often more dramatic in the case of chromia-forming alloys than alumina formers in that, in addition to improving adherence (Figure 5.41), they decrease the amount of transient oxidation, reduce... 

The hydrocarbon gas feedstock and Hquid sulfur are separately preheated in an externally fired tubular heater. When the gas reaches 480—650°C, it joins the vaporized sulfur. A special venturi nozzle can be used for mixing the two streams (81). The mixed stream flows through a radiantly-heated pipe cod, where some reaction takes place, before entering an adiabatic catalytic reactor. In the adiabatic reactor, the reaction goes to over 90% completion at a temperature of 580—635°C and a pressure of approximately 250—500 kPa (2.5—5.0 atm). Heater tubes are constmcted from high alloy stainless steel and reportedly must be replaced every 2—3 years (79,82—84). Furnaces are generally fired with natural gas or refinery gas, and heat transfer to the tube coil occurs primarily by radiation with no direct contact of the flames on the tubes. Design of the furnace is critical to achieve uniform heat around the tubes to avoid rapid corrosion at "hot spots."... 

Carbon disulfide is normally stored and handled in mild steel equipment. Tanks and pipes are usually made from steel. Valves are typically cast-steel bodies with chrome steel trim. Lead is sometimes used, particularly for pressure reUef disks. Copper and copper alloys are attacked by carbon disulfide and must be avoided. Carbon disulfide Hquid and vapor become very corrosive to iron and steel at temperatures above about 250°C. High chromium stainless steels, glass, and ceramics maybe suitable at elevated temperatures. 

Alkylation of benzene with propylene was carried out with the acid zeolites, pelletized, crushed, and sieved at 0.25-0.42 mm diameter. The reaction was performed in an automated high pressure stainless steel reactor, at 3.5 MPa, temperatures ranging from 125 to 200°C, WF1SV from 12 to 18 h"1 referred to the olefin, and benzene to propylene (B/P) molar ratio of 3.5. More details can be found in [7]. 

Figure 12.1 Sketch of experimental set up. (1) High pressure stainless steel vessel, (2) power source for ignition, (3) temperature recorder, (4) TV monitor, (5) video, (6) pressure monitor, (7) thermocouple, (8) recording camera, (9) pressure transducer, (10) vacuum...

Because extruders were initially developed to serve industries other than the pharmaceutical industry, they were designed without GMP considerations. Therefore, changes are made to ensure pharmaceutical regulatory compliance, including qualification requirements. At the minimum, all the parts of the extruder that come in contact with the product must be of high-quality stainless steel, and the construction must be such that cleaning requirements are easily met. Whenever possible, the machine should permit easy monitoring and documentation of all critical process parameters such as pressure at the die plate, product temperature, power consumption or torque of the drive unit, and rotational speed of the screw. Some of... 

When the final column is run at atmospheric pressure, even a highly alloyed stainless steel such as UDDEHOLM 904 L containing 20 % Cr, 25 % Ni, 4.5 % Mo, 1.5 % Cu, 0.4 % Si, and 1.7 % Mn was found to be unsatisfactory. In one known case, the column was made of glass, but a less expensive solution of the problem is rurming the column at reduced pressure to lower all temperatures. As the rate of any chemical reaction, the corrosion rate contains the factor... 

The Dynasafe static kiln is a near-spherical, armored, dual-walled high-alloy stainless steel detonation chamber (heated retort) inside a containment structure (Ohlson et al., 2004).18 The total thickness, including a safety layer, is 15 cm. The detonation chamber can operate in a pyrolytic or oxidizing environment. Intact munitions are indirectly heated by electrical resistance elements between the inner and outer walls of the detonation chamber. The munitions are heated to a temperature of 400°C-600°C, resulting in deflagration, detonation, or burning of the munition s explosive till. The chemical agent in the munition is destroyed as a result of the... 

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