High-performance liquid environmental applications

For selective estimation of phenols pollution of environment such chromatographic methods as gas chromatography with flame-ionization detector (ISO method 8165) and high performance liquid chromatography with UV-detector (EPA method 625) is recommended. For determination of phenol, cresols, chlorophenols in environmental samples application of HPLC with amperometric detector is perspective. Phenols and chlorophenols can be easy oxidized and determined with high sensitivity on carbon-glass electrode. 

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is one of the premier analytical techniques widely used in analytical laboratories. Numerous analytical HPLC analyses have been developed for pharmaceutical, chemical, food, cosmetic, and environmental applications. The popularity of HPLC analysis can be attributed to its powerful combination of separation and quantitation capabilities. HPLC instrumentation has reached a state of maturity. The majority of vendors can provide very sophisticated and highly automated systems to meet users needs. To provide a high level of assurance that the data generated from the HPLC analysis are reliable, the performance of the HPLC system should be monitored at regular intervals. In this chapter some of the key performance attributes for a typical HPLC system (consisting of a quaternary pump, an autoinjector, a UV-Vis detector, and a temperature-controlled column compartment) are discussed [1-8]. 

An overview and discussion is given of literature methods published after 1989 devoted to the ion-interaction chromatographic determination of inorganic anions. Seventy references are quoted. Ion-interaction chromatography makes use of commercial reversed-phase stationary phase and conventional high-performance liquid chromatography instrumentation. The basis of the technique, the modification of the stationary phase surface, the choice of the ion-interaction reagent as well as the dependence of retention on the different variables involved are discussed. Examples of application in the fields of environmental, clinical and food chemistry are presented. The experimental conditions of stationary phase, of mobile phase composition as well as detection mode, detection limit and application are also summarized in tables. 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. 

APPLICATION OF HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY IN 1.10 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS... 

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a common analytical technique used to determine a wide range of organic compounds. Its application has been widespread in industries such as dyes, paints, and pharmaceuticals. More than two thirds of all organic compounds can be analyzed using HPLC methods. Its application in environmental analyses, however, has been relatively recent. Only a limited number of U.S. EPA methods are based on HPLC techniques. 

Application of high performance liquid chromatography to the resolution of complex mixtures of fatty acids in water [9,10] has provided an alternative to the high temperature separation obtained by gas chromatography. Both techniques have similar limits of detection, but lack the ability to analyse environmental samples directly. Analysis requires that the fatty acids be separated from the organic and inorganic matrices, followed by concentration. 

Further applications are described for sulfur (Fig. 2.6) and copper in water by reversed-phase or ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography . Also anions such as thiosulphate and polythionates were separated from environmental samples by HPLC (anion-exchange) . The sensitive detection was made possible by reaction with Ce(lV) after separation and fluorimetry of Ce(lII) ions. 

Supported ionic liquid membranes have also found application in analytical chemistry, specifically in the trace determination of toxic substances. Several examples of the application of ionic liquids as liquid membrane in hollow fibre-supported liquid-phase nuCToextraction have been reported [50,51 ]. This technique, combined with high-performance liquid chromatography was used for (he determination of chlorophenols and sulphonamides in environmental water samples. 

High Performance Liquid Chromatography and LC-MS. - Chiral LC separations of the enantiomers of 0,0 -diethyl (p-methylbenzenesulfonamido)-aryl-(alkyl)-methylphosphonates and diethyl N-(aryl)-l-amino-l-arylmethane phosphonates have been carried out. In the case of LC, geochemical and biological applications feature, and LC-MS has been used in environmental... 

Forensic science encompasses a number of different fields of science. In this book, we are explaining the theories associated with high performance liquid chromatography, the different forms that it may take, and its use in some forensic applications. In this chapter, we will examine applications of HPLC in drug analysis, toxicology, analysis of explosives, analysis of coloured materials, and environmental science. 

The application of cyclodextrins (CDs) in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as mobile-phase additives and components of stationary phases is briefly discussed. The advantageous separation characteristics of CDs in various HPLC technologies ate demonstrated using pharmaceuticals, environmental pollutants as analytes. 

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