High-density lipoproteins structure

Lund-Katz, S., Liu, L., Thuahnai, S.T., Phillips, M.C. 2003. High density lipoprotein structure. Frontiers in Bioscience 8 dl044-1054. 

An impressive example for the successful use of domino reactions for the synthesis of pharmacological lead structures was described by Paulsen et al1241 Recently, the difluoro compound 57 has been identified as highly potent inhibitor of the cholesterin-ester-transferprotein (CETP), which is responsible for a transfer of cholesterin from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to low-density lipoprotein (LDL). This clearly results in an increase of LDL and a decrease of HDL which raise the risk of coronary heart desea-ses. The core structure of 57 is now accessible efficiently by a combination of a Mukaiyama-MichaeL... 

El. Edelstein, C., Lim, C. T., and Scanu, A. M., On the subunit structure of the protein of human serum high density lipoprotein. I. A study of its major polypeptide component (Sephadex, fraction III). J. Biol. Chem. 247, 5842-5849 (1972). 

F6. Forte, G. M., Norum, K. 11., Glomset, J. A., and Nichols, A. V., Plasma lipoproteins in familial lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency structure of low- and high-density lipoproteins as recorded by electron microscopy. J. Clin. Invest. 50, 1141-1148 (1971). 

G15. Gotto, A. M., Recent studies on the structure of human serum low- and high-density lipoproteins. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 64, 1119-1127 (1969). 

Scanu, A. M., Serum high-density lipoprotein effect of change in structure on activity of chicken adipose tissue lipase. Science 153, 640-641 (1966). 

Scanu, A. M., On the structure of hiunan serum low- and high-density lipoproteins. Ciba Found. Symp. IS Atherogenesis Initiative Factor, pp. 223-246 (1973). Elsevier, Amsterdam... 

Steroids that aid in muscle development are called anabolic steroids. They are synthetic derivatives of testosterone, thus have the same muscle-building effect as testosterone. There are more than 100 different anabolic steroids which, vary in structure, duration of action, relative effects and toxicities. Androstenedione, stanozolol and dianabol are anabolic steroids. They are used to treat people suffering from traumas accompanied by muscle deterioration. The use of anabolic steroid can lead to a number of dangerous side-effects, including lowered levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol, which benefits the heart, and elevated levels of harmful low density lipoprotein, stimulation of prostate tumours, clotting disorders and liver problems. 

H5. Hamilton, R. L., Williams, M. C., Fielding, C. J., and Havel, R. J., Discoidal bilayer structure of nascent high density lipoproteins from perfused rat liver J Clin. Invest. 58, 667-680 (1976). 

Part of a lipoprotein particle. A model of the structure of apolipoprotein A-I (yellow), shown surrounding sheets of lipids. The apolipoprotein is the major protein component of high-density lipoprotein particles in the blood. These particles are effective lipid transporters because the protein component provides an interface between the hydrophobic lipid chains and the aqueous environment of the bloodstream. [Based on coordinates provided by Stephen Harvey.]... 

Gillotte, K., Davidson, W-, Lund-Katz, S., Rothblat, G, H and Phillips M. C, fl9%). Apolipoprotein A-I structural modification and the functionality of reconstituted high-density lipoprotein particles in cellular cholesterol efflux.. Biol. CItejn, 271, 23792-23798-... 

Fig. 1. General oil-droplet model of lipoproteins is presented for chylomicron, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) structures. Apolipoproteins in the outer phospholipid membrane, designated by letters, are defined in Table II. The major differences between the lipoproteins are the size of the neutral lipid (triglyceride and esterified cholesterol) core, liquid composition in the core, and apolipoprotein composition. (E) Triglycerides, ( Q ) phospholipids, and ( -) esterified cholesterol are shown. Although not shown, unesterified cholesterol is found predominantly in the phospholipid monolayer.

Vertebrate, especially mammalian, lipoproteins have been extensively studied. In the invertebrate world, only insect lipoproteins have received serious attention. Whereas vertebrates rely on a battery of lipoproteins (chylomicrons, very low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and high-density lipoproteins) to effect lipid transport, insects use primarily a single type of lipoprotein, lipophorin, for lipid transport. Lipophorin is both more versatile than vertebrate lipoproteins in terms of the diverse lipids it transports and more efficient than vertebrate lipoproteins in that, for the most part, it delivers lipids to tissues without being internalized and destroyed. We believe that new insights can be obtained from an understanding of insect lipoproteins, and in this article we review the current state of knowledge about the structure and metabolism of lipophorins. 

Ma, K., Cilingiroglu, M., Otvos, J.D., Ballantyne, C.M., Marian, A. J., and Chan, L. Endothelial lipase is a major genetic determinant for high-density lipoprotein concentration, structure, and metabolism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,... 

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