High altitude respiration

Godovac-Zimmetmann,Kosters,)., Braunitzer, G. Goltenboth, R. (1988). Structural adaptation of bird hemoglobins to high-altitude respiration and the primary sequences of black-headed gull (Lams ridibundus, Charadriiformes) err-... 

Lahiri S, DiGiulio C, Roy A. Lessons from chronic intermittant and sustained hypoxia at high altitudes. Respir Physiol 2002 130 223-233. 

Tatsumi K, Pickett CK, Weil JV Possible role of dopamine in ventilatory acclimatization to high altitude. Respir Physiol 1995 99 63-73. 

Boggs DF. Hypoxic ventilatory control and hemoglobin oxygen affinity. In Sutton JR, Houston CS, Coates G, eds. H poxia and the Brain. Burlington Queen City, 1995. Brooks JG, Tenney SM. Ventilatory response of llama to hypoxia at sea level and high altitude. Respir Physiol 1968 5 269-278. 

Other products of Porton Down s research and development at the end of the 1930s included eye shields to protect against high-altitude liquid mustard gas attack, the oil-skin anti-gas cape, impregnated battle dress, protective dubbing for boots, detectors and detector paints, decontamination procedures, gas identification sets for service units, respirators and anti-gas covers for horses and dogs. Protection for camels was also studied a prototype respirator still exists in the establishment at Porton Down. 

Q5 Alkalosis can be caused by both metabolic and respiratory problems. Apart from hyperventilation, respiratory alkalosis can be produced by hypoxia, for example, when a person moves to high altitude with a reduced arterial P02, stimulation of respiration occurs via the peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies, which respond to the low arterial P02. Increased rate and depth of respiration causes an increased quantity of C02 to be lost from the body, and so pH rises. 

Cabin air and Pressurisation Inadequate oxygen for respiration due to High altitudes Dilution by inert gases Combustion that consiunes all available oxygen. Insufficient ventilation of occupied, enclosed space Atmospheric pollution by industrial, automobile or other exhausts ... 

Any situation that causes an increase in respiration can result in respiratory alkalosis if the situation persists long enough. Anxiety, if extreme, can cause hyperventilation and loss of CO. Low oxygen levels in the blood (i.e., hypoxemia), such as is caused by lung disease or high altitudes (which have lower oxygen levels in the air), can stimulate a patient to breathe faster. 

Khan TZ, Wagener JS, Bost T, Martinez J, Accurso FJ, Riches DW (1995) Early pulmonary inflammation in infants with cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151 1075-1082 Kim JS, Muller NL, Park CS et al. (1997) Bronchoarterial ratio on thin section CT comparison between high altitude and sea level. J Comput Assist Tomogr 21 306-311... 

In a normal person at high altitude, where the atmospheric pressure is reduced, hypoxia provides a drive to respiration. This leads to hyperventilation. In this condition, both the alveolar P02 and Pcoj are lower than in the subject at sea level. 

Lahiri S, Rozanov C, Chemiack NS. Altered structure and fimction of the carotid hody at high altitude and associated chemoreflexes. High Alt Med Biol 2000 1 63-74. Bisgard GE. Carotid body mechanisms in acclimatization to hypoxia. Respir Physiol 2000 121 237-246. 

Black CP, Tenney SM. Oxygen transport during progressive hypoxia in high-altitude and sea-level waterfowl. Respir Physiol 1980 39 217-239. 

Peroni DG, Boner AL, Vallone G, Antolini I, Warner JO. Effective aUergen avoidance at high altitude reduces allergen-induced bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994 149(6) 1442-1446. 

---