Hierarchical schematic

We will now create a schematic for this block. The point of this exercise is to create a hierarchical schematic, not examine a circuit for a DC supply. Thus, we will create a simple circuit to accomplish this task. You can create a more complicated DC power supply circuit if you wish ... 

It is even more disturbing since it can be cast into terms that perfectly match the prose in the reduction debate How is identity-based reduction supposed to be compatible with the characterization of reduction in terms of levels, organized hierarchically Schematically If a reduces to b, then a = b. Assume that if a reduces to b, then a is at a higher level than b (this is the very idea of reductive hierarchies). How can this be, a = b, and entities are located at one reductive level within a hierarchy only Again, the concept leads into contradiction. So, why shouldn t we, in an appropriate explication of the concept of reduction, get rid of directionality in the first place We should not, I submit, because directionality is important. It is reasonable to assume that for any attempt to explicate some concept C, if C is not confused or incoherent, and if C is used in some explanatory context E, the explication of C should be equally explanatory in the context of E. It should be clear that a good expUcation of reduction should yield a definition of a directional relation... 

Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the cross-section of tendon showing the hierarchical structural arrangement [5].

Fig. 8.7. Schematic representation of hierarchical clustering of the 14 objects shown in Fig. 8.6 the separation lines a and b corresponds to the clusters in 8.6a,b...

Fig. 10.6 (A) Stick representation of the packing of 3 in the crystal, showing the formation of directional tubular conduction pathways (B) schematic representation ofthe hierarchically organized system 3 (top) self-organization in solution and (bottom) sol-gel transcription of encoded molecular features into a hybrid heteropolysiloxane matrix [18].

Fig. 10.15 Schematic representation ofthedynamictranscription of encoded molecular features of the hierarchical organized system 5 into a hydrophobic heteropolysiloxane matrix.

Figure 6.9 Schematic representation of hierarchical self-assembly process for chiral phthalocya-nine 64. Phthalocyanine molecules self-assembly into helical columns with right-handed screw sense (left). These right-handed helices subsequently aggregate to give left-handed super-helices.

Nanocarbon composites can be broadly divided into three kinds, each with some possible subdivisions. Examples of these composites and their schematic representations are presented in Fig. 8.1. The first type corresponds to composites where the nanocarbon is used as a filler added to a polymer matrix analogous, for example, to rubber reinforced with carbon black (CB). The second consists of hierarchical composites with both macroscopic fibers and nanocarbon in a polymer, such as a carbon fiber laminate with CNTs dispersed in the epoxy matrix. The third type is macroscopic fibers based... 

Fig. 8.1 Electron micrographs of different nanocarbon composite types (top) and their schematic representation (bottom). The nanocarbons can be dispersed as a filler (left), combined with macroscopic fibers in a hierarchical composite (middle), or assembled as a continuous nanostructured fiber (right). Micrographs from references [7, 8, 9], with kind permission from Elsevier (2010, 2008, 2009).

Fig. 8.11 (a) Schematic of the hierarchical structure of a composite with multiple CNT fibers, where each fiber is a composite itself [77]. (b) The intercalation of small amounts of polymer between CNTs during CNT fiber production is a promising method to fabricate structural composites based on nanocarbons [81], With kind permission from Elsevier (2011) and Taylor and Francis (2012). 

Fig. 1. A schematic diagram outlining the hierarchic structure of the ubiquitin system. In an ATP-dependent manner a thioester bond is formed between the C-terminus of ubiquitin and an internal cystein residue of the ubiquitin-activating enzyme. Subsequently, ubiquitin is transferred to a member of the family of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, which are also able to form a thioester bond with ubiquitin. The third class of enzymes, the ubiquitin ligases, direct ubiquitin to the proteolytic substrates. Different families of this class of enzymes are known, some of which are also able to form a thioester intermediate with ubiquitin (HECT-domain ligases). The final ubiquitin-substrate linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminus of ubiquitin and internal lysine residues in the substrate proteins...

For our example, we will create an amplifier which we will break up into the power supply, the pre-amplifier block, and the power amplifier block. The power amplifier will also contain a hierarchical block for the load. The circuits we show will be fairly trivial and could easily be placed on a single schematic page. The point of this exercise is to show how to use the hierarchical tools available in Oread Capture. 

This is an advanced topic. We assume that the reader has already mastered creating schematics with Capture, running PSpice simulations, and plotting with Probe. All we will cover here is how to use the hierarchical tools. We will use many of the drawing tools covered earlier in this chapter without much explanation. 

We see that a new schematic page is created and that the page is empty except for the three ports that correspond to the pins we placed in the hierarchical block. If we zoom in around the ports, we see that they are named the same as the hierarchical pins we placed in the hierarchical block ... 

As an example of showing a hierarchical block within a hierarchical block, we will add a hierarchical block to this schematic. To place a block, select Place and then Hierarchical Block. To place a pin, select Place and then Hierarchical Pin. This block has three pins called Ollt-L, Out-R, and Ground. The reference is BLK4, and the name of the block is LOSd. The block is shown below. Use the techniques covered earlier to create this block ... 

This view shows us all of the schematic pages in our circuit, but it does not show the hierarchical structure of the design. To see this structure, select the Hierarchy tab ... 

This view shows us the hierarchical structure as well as the components inside each hierarchical block. We can see that blocks BLKl, BLK2, and BLK3 are inside SCHEMATIC 1, and that BLK4 is inside BLK3. 

Fig. 3.10. Schematic representation of processes that may influence hormonal action in a cell. To note is the possibility for feedback in the framework of intercellular communication. A signal released in the target cell can regulate the hormone producing cell by, for example inhibiting the synthesis or secretion of the hormone. Furthermore, the possibility of a hierarchical structure and the mutual influence of different signaling pathways should also be noted.

FIGURE 1.19. Schematic representation of a hierarchic pattern formation in by an electric field. First, the top polymer layer is destabilized, in similarity to Fig. 1.9, leaving the lower layer essentially undisturbed. In a secondary process, the polymer of the lower layer is drawn upward along the outside of the primary polymer structure, leading to the final morphology, in which the the polymer from the lower layer has formed a mantle around the initial polymer structure. From [41]. 

Figure 4.3 Schematic representation of the self-assemble, then polymerize approach for the preparation of hierarchically structured conjugated polymers.

Figure 4.11 Schematic representation of the conversion of stranded poly(diacetylene)s with a multiple-helical quaternary the supramolecular polymers into conjugated polymers under structure in the case of A. retention of the hierarchical structure, leading to four-... 

Fig 1 a Schematic illustration of the formation of one-handed supercoiled structure by hierarchical self-assembly of phthalocyanine 1. b TEM image of left-handed supercoiled aggregates of 1. (Reprinted with permission from [35]. Copyright 1999 American Association for the Advancement of Science)... 

Fig. 7 Schematic representation of the formation of a helical columnar structure by hierarchical self-assembly of a chiral oligo(p-phenylene vinylene) 10 bearing ureido-s-triazine units in M-dodecane. (Reproduced with permission from [51]. Copyright 2005 American Chemical Society)...

Figure I Schematic representation of an example of hierarchical self-assembly at microscopic, mesoscopic, and macroscopic levels. At the microscopic level, molecules assemble into supramolecular polymer-like assemblies. This involves conformational changes to the monomer units that themselves are complex molecules. The polymers assemble into bundles at mesoscopic levels that under appropriate conditions spontaneously align macroscopically along some preferred direction to form a uniaxial nematic liquid-crystalline phase (after Aggeli et al., 2001).

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