Herbicide glyphosate

Herbicides also inhibit 5- (9/-pymvylshikiniate synthase, a susceptible en2yme in the pathway to the aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan, and to the phenylpropanes. Acetolactate synthase, or acetohydroxy acid synthase, a key en2yme in the synthesis of the branched-chain amino acids isoleucine and valine, is also sensitive to some herbicides. Glyphosate (26), the sulfonylureas (136), and the imida2oles (137) all inhibit specific en2ymes in amino acid synthesis pathways. 

Heterocycles in synthesis of herbicide glyphosate heterocyclic derivatives and analogs of glyphosate 97PHC17. 

The Heterocyclic Chemistry Associated with the Herbicide Glyphosate... 

Progress in Heterocyclic Chemistiy (PHC) Volume 9 reviews critically the heterocyclic literature published mainly in 1996. The first two chapters are review articles. Chapter 1 by C.J. Moody and K.J. Doyle deals with "The Synthesis of Oxazoles from Diazocarbonyl Compounds," and Chapter 2 by J.A. Sikorski provides a detailed account of the heterocyclic chemistry suiTounding the remarkable herbicide glyphosate ("Roundup" ). This latter chapter illustrates the role that heterocyclic chemistry plays in other areas of modem chemistry, since glyphosate is a far cry from being heterocyclic ... 

The herbicide glyphosate was nitrosated in aqueous solution by third order kinetics to N-nitrosoglyphosate. 

We initiated an investigation to examine the possibility of N-nitrosamine formation from the herbicide glyphosate in different soils. It was also of interest to determine whether uptake of N-nitroso compound by plants would occur from soil. 

Whether the N-nitrosation of glyphosate in soil to form N-nitrosoglyphosate will occur under natural conditions is still a matter of conjecture. However, based on our studies (12), the formation of detectable amounts of N-nitrosoglyphosate in soil under normal field conditions is not expected. It was observed that high concentrations of the herbicide glyphosate and nitrite were essential to get measureable amounts of N-nitrosoglyphosate in soil. Thus, to produce 5 ppm N-nitrosoglyphosate in the soil used in our study, one requires about 185 ppm of the herbicide... 

One of the organisms fulfills the need for a growth requirement by the other, for example, vitamin requirements of one organism that is provided by the other. Examples are provided by biotin in cocultures of Methylocystis sp. and Xanthobacter sp. (Lidstrom-O Connor et al. 1983), and thiamin in cocultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and an undefined Pseudomonas sp. that degraded the phosphonate herbicide glyphosate (Moore et al. 1983). 

Moore JK, HD Braymer, AD Larson (1983) Isolation of a Pseudomonas sp. which utilizes the phosphonate herbicide glyphosate. Appl Environ Microbiol 46 316-320. 

C-P lyase has a broad snbstrate specificity and, for example, dimethyl phosphonate is degraded to methane, methylphenyl phosphonate to benzene, and the degradation of the widely nsed herbicide glyphosate may follow alternative pathways both of which involve C-P fission. 

Liu C-M, PA McLean, CC Sookdeo, PC Cannon (1991) Degradation of the herbicide glyphosate by members of the family Rhizobiaceae. Appl Environ Microbiol 57 1799-1804. 

Pipke R, N Amrhein (1988) Degradation of the phosphonate herbicide glyphosate by Arthrobacter atrocya-neus ATCC 13752. Appl Environ Microbiol 54 1293-1296. 

Resistance to European corn borer, tolerance to the herbicide glyphosate... 

Oilseed rape (Canola) Monsanto/1995 EPSPS, glyphosate oxidoreductase (GOX) Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4, Achromobacter sp. strain LBAA Tolerance to the herbicide glyphosate... 

Precursors of phenylpropanoids are synthesized from two basic pathways the shikimic acid pathway and the malonic pathway (see Fig. 3.1). The shikimic acid pathway produces most plant phenolics, whereas the malonic pathway, which is an important source of phenolics in fungi and bacteria, is less significant in higher plants. The shikimate pathway converts simple carbohydrate precursors into the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. The synthesis of an intermediate in this pathway, shikimic acid, is blocked by the broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate (i.e., Roundup). Because animals do not possess this synthetic pathway, they have no way to synthesize the three aromatic amino acids (i.e., phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan), which are therefore essential nutrients in animal diets. 

Bacteria are also able to use a large number of organophosphorus insecticides, alkyl phosphates, phosphonates, and the herbicide Glyphosate as phosphorus sources. 

Lund-Hoie, K. and Friestad, H.O. Photodegradation of the herbicide glyphosate in water. Bull Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 36(l) 723-729. 1986. 

For example, the EU recently cleared the herbicide glyphosate (Roundup), which is practically nontoxic to humans, for consumer use. Nevertheless, KEMI has notified importers and distributors that sales of glyphosate to the public will be severely restricted in the future. Faithful to its socialist traditions, the almighty Swedish State attaches no value to the billions of Swedish crowns invested by private homeowners in lawns, flowerbeds, rose gardens, and so on. An appeal to KEMI s decision will most likely be directed to the European Court of Justice. 

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