Herbicides dinoseb

Then there are a number of pesticides, e.g. the phenolic herbicide dinoseb and the fungicide pentachlorophenol, whose speciation varies strongly in the environmental pH-range. For this reason, one has to consider the pwhen estimating their environmental fate. Structures of the compounds discussed in this section are depicted in Table 1, together with a listing of their pand octanol-water partition coefficients, Kow, of the neutral species (unless otherwise indicated). Typical basic pollutants include the industrial chemicals aniline and jV.jV-dimethylaniline. 

Farmer Farm Family Exposure. Last year, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency warned women of childbearing age to avoid farm fields recently treated with the herbicide dinoseb because the chemical might cause birth defects. Another study, conducted by a team of medical scientists, found that Kansas farmers exposed to a widely-used corn and wheat herbicide for 20 days or more a year had a sixfold increase in a certain kind of lymph cancers compared to non-farmers. And a third study from Wisconsin noted possible immune-system suppression due to aldicarb exposure. 

Figure 11 shows the relative adsorption of 14 different herbicides by soil organic matter. The acidic herbicides, dinoseb, picloram, 2,4-D, and dicamba, were adsorbed in relatively low amounts compared with the basic and cationic herbicides, and the adsorption amount was inversely related to the water solubilities of the acidic compounds (Table IV). The weakly acidic phenol, dinoseb pKa = 4.40), was adsorbed more than the stronger acids, picloram pKa = 1.90), 2,4-D pKa = 2.80), and dicamba pKa = 1.9). Since the organic matter was an acidic muck... 

Dose/response curves were developed from traces such as shown in Figure 3B for dinoseb. For comparative purposes, the concentration of compound required to increase the rate of ferricyanide reduction to twice that of the no-herbicide control rate are shown in the last column of Table VI. Uncouplers such as FCCP accelerate the rate of ferricyanide reduction, presumably by shuttling protons across the membrane in response to the electrical potential generated by the reduction of ferricyanide by ferrocene (28). In this study, FCCP was the most effective compound. The two phenolic herbicides (dinoseb and ioxynil) were more active than propanil and chlorpropham. Among the carbanilates, 3-CHPC and... 

Photoaffinity labels are an efficient tool for identification of inhibitor binding proteins in the photosynthetic electron transport chain. [ H]Azido-dinoseb, an azido-deri-vative of the phenolic herbicide dinoseb, was synthesized almost a decade ago and was shown to bind primarily to a 41 kDa protein (1,2). Contrary, labeling with azido-deri-vates of diuron-type herbicides revealed that these herbicides bind to a 32 kDa protein, which has now been recognized as the D-1 protein of the photosystem II reaction center core complex (see references in (3)). Tyrosine residues in positions 237 and 254 of the D-1 sequence were demonstrated to be the primary target of [ CJazido-monuron (3). The phenolic herbicide [ I]azido-ioxynil also labels predominantly the D-1 protein in position of Val249 and only in trace amounts a 41 kDa protein (4). 

Kaake, R. H., D. L. Crawford, and R. L. Crawford. 1994. Optimization of an anaerobic bioremediation process for soil contaminated with the nitroaromatic herbicide dinoseb (2-5 c-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol),... 

Health advisories have been issued for the phenol dinoseb and trifiuralin health advisories have not been issued for the remaining dinitroaniline herbicides, eg, profluralin [26399-36-0]. 

Phenylurea herbicides (urons). Dinocap, Dinoseb, Benomyl, Carbendazim and Metamitron in Waters [e.g. determination of phenylurea herbicides by reverse phase HPLC, phenylurea herbicides by dichloromethane extraction, determination by GC/NPD, phenylurea herbicides by thermospray LC-MS, Dinocap by HPLC, Dinoseb water by HPLC, Carbendazim and Benomyl (as Carbendazim) by HPLC], 1994... 

There are at least 22 chemical families of organic herbicides. Even a cursory treatment of the chemistry of these materials would be extensive. Herbicides of limited toxicity (Treflan, Atrazine) as well as extremely toxic ones (Paraquat. Dinoseb) are in use in many parts of the world. They range from water soluble to insoluble. The detailed chemistry of each should be determined prior to handling. 

Dinoseb 0.007 0.007 Reproductive difficulties Runoff from herbicide used on soybeans and vegetables... 

Nitrophenols are phytotoxic, and dinoseb (6-iec-butyl-2,4-dinitrophenol) has been used as a herbicide, while nitrophenols have been detected in rainwater and plausible mechanisms for their abiotic formation have been proposed (Kohler and Heeb 2003 Vione et al. 2005). The pathway for the degradation of phenols with a single nitro group depends on the position of the substituents, while... 

This was previously used as a herbicide, and attention has been directed to its degradation in storage areas or where it has been spilled. A strain of Clostridium bifermentans KMR-1 (that is protected by a U.S. patent) was unable to use dinoseb as carbon or energy source. In the presence of a starch extract, however, a low level of transformation was observed, and the products could subsequently be mineralized by aerobic bacteria (Hammill and Crawford 1996). These observations have been extended to the remediation of soil slurries from a contaminated site by adding phosphate and starch waste that achieved anaerobic conditions, and inoculation with a culture from a pilot-scale... 

Kaake RH, DJ Roberts, TO Stevens, RL Crawford, DL Crawford (1992) Bioremediation of soils contaminated with the herbicide 2-5ec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (Dinoseb). Appl Environ Microbiol 58 1683-1689. 

This family of organonitrogen pesticides includes the nitrophenols and their salts, for example, Dinoseb and the substituted dinitroanilines, trifluralin, and nitralin. Figure 3 shows a typical commercial process for the production of a dinitroaniline herbicide [8]. In this example, a chloroaromatic is charged to a nitrator with cyclic acid and fuming nitric acid. The crude product is then cooled to settle out spent acid, which can be recovered and recycled. Oxides of nitrogen... 

Estimate the Kiow values at 25°C of (a) ethylacetate, (b) 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzodioxin, (c) the herbicide 2-s-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (Dinoseb), (d) the insecticide parathion, and (e) the hormone testosterone using solely the fragment coefficients and correction factors given in Tables 7.4 and 7.5 (Eq. 7-15). 

Figure 10.15 Plot of log 1 /LCi50 for guppies versus (a) log octanol-water distribution ratio (log Z),ow, Eq. 10-41), and (b) log liposome-water distribution ratio (log Z),lipsw, Eq. 10-41) at pH 7 for a series of chlorinated benzenes (o) and chlorinated phenols ( ) as well as for the herbicide 2-.9ec-butyl-4.6-dinitrophenol (dinoseb) (v). The liposomes used were L-a-dimy-ristoyl-phosphatidylcholine (chlorinated benzenes) and L-a-dioleyl-phosphatidylcholine (chlorinated phenols and dinoseb). The pH dependence of D/ow and D,lipsw of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and dinoseb is shown in Fig. 10.14. Data from Saarikoski and Viluskela (1992), Gobas et al. (1988), Escher and Schwarzenbach (1996), and Gunatilleka and Poole (1999).

Although some of the early herbicides were quite effective, their high cost coupled with their narrow weed control spectra resulted in limited acceptance. This was true for naptalam, chlorpropham, and dinoseb, which were some of the first herbicides used for selective weed control in soybean. Use of naptalam and chlorpropham, including use of the first formulated mixtures for soybean, was limited to less than 3% of the soybean crop during their peak years from 1961 to 1966. 

The phenolic derivatives indicated in Figure 8.1 are also bound to the same binding niche on PS II as the triazines (Oettmeier, 1992). However, they have a somewhat different inhibition pattern than the classical family of PS II herbicides (e.g., triazines and ureas) and, therefore, were regarded as a separate family with a somewhat different mode of action (Van Rensen et al., 1978 Trebst and Draber, 1986). It is now clear that they just orient somewhat differently in the same binding niche, as discussed below. Although the phenolics are photosynthesis inhibitors, dinoseb and the halogenated benzonitriles also inhibit respiration. 

Finally, in fourth place we find 2,4-D, which is used at a little over 1 million pounds per year. This is the first pesticide which we might normally think of when considering the most common pesticides. This is followed in 7th-10th positions by four other herbicides, Diuron, Vapam, Dinoseb, and Eptam. 

Dinoseb is a nitrophenolic compound, once widely used as an herbicide and plant desiccant, that is noted for its toxic effects. The chemical name of this compound is 4,6-dinitro-2-,v< o butylphenol, and its structure is... 

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