Heptanoic acid, 288 Table

Table 9.1. Chemical yields %) of dodecane from electrolysis of heptanoic acid. Data from ref. [57],...

Since then, a number of studies of model systems have confirmed that dialkenes, cyclic alkenes, and aromatics form substituted monocarboxylic acids, dicar-boxylic acids, and organic nitrates in the condensed phase (e.g., see O Brien et al., 1975a Grosjean and Friedlander, 1979 Dumdei and O Brien, 1984 Izumi and Fukuyama, 1990 and Forstner et al., 1997a, 1997b). For example, Table 9.21 shows the products identified in particles formed in the 1-octene- and 1-decene-NO,-ambient air systems. In both bases, only 40% of the total particle mass could be identified, and the yields shown in Table 9.21 are those relative to the total identified compounds. That is, the absolute product yields are about factor of 2.5 larger. As expected from the known oxidation mechanisms (see Chapter 6.E), heptanal and heptanoic acid are the major condensed-phase oxidation products of 1-octene and nonanal and nonanoic acid from 1-decene (see Problem 4). The mechanism of formation of the fura-nones, which are formed in relatively high yields, is not... 

The rate-law for the activation of hydrogen (Table I) is second order in the cuprous salt. This contrasts with the rate law for cuprous heptanoate in heptanoic acid but resembles that for the low-temperature path of activation of hydrogen by Ag+ in aqueous solution. As in the latter case, it seems likely that hydrogen is split homolytically in this system to give CuH+ as an intermediate. 

Figure 4.44 is the spectrum of heptanoic acid, an aliphatic carboxylic acid. As expected from the table, the broad OH band appears below that of phenol, centered at about 2900 cm . The C—H stretching bands from the methyl and methylene groups occur in the same region they are the peaks sticking out at the bottom of the broad OH band. The appearance of this region is very characteristic of an ahphatic carboxylic acid. The strong band at 1710 cm is due to the C=0 stretch, discussed in the next section. The peak at 1410 cm is the in-plane C—O—H bend and that about... 

Reactions of Epoxidized Esters with Carboxylic Acids and High-Oleic Sunflower Fatty Acids (HOSFA). Reactions of epoxidized RME were carried out with acetic acid and heptanoic acid at atmospheric pressure. Operating conditions (temperature, acid quantity, and reaction time) were optimized. The best results were obtained without catalyst, with a molar ratio of esters/acid of 1 2, at 80°C for 12 h. The characteristics of the reaction products are reported in Table 6. 

The observed low oxirane values (0.3 with acetic acid as reactant and 0.0 with heptanoic acid) show that the oxirane group cleavage is completely achieved the increase of the saponification values indicates ester formation. GC analysis of the final products obtained with acetic acid is reported in Table 7. The products contain 70% of a diester, the methyl acetate of hydroxystearate, and 6% of a triester, the methyl... 

Problem 1.—Interpret the data in Table III in accordance with predictions based upon Rule I. Why would the solubility of naphthalene in mono-hydroxy alcohols up to Co be predicted to lie below 14 g. per 100 g. solvent Given the solubility in acetic acid, do the solubilities in propionic, butyric and valeric acids agree with predictions Why would one expect naphthalene to be less soluble in toluene than in benzene Predict qualitatively the solubility of naphthalene in the solvents formic acid, heptanoic acid, ethyl benzene, etc. Compare the solubilities in hydrocarbons of the two series CflH2B+2 and CnH2tt , where n=6. Do the facts agree with predictions Predict qualitatively the solubility of naphthalene in ethyl acetate. 

Recently it has been reported that polymyxin Ba differs from polymyxin Bj only in the replacement of the (- -)-6-methyloctanoic add by 6-methyl-heptanoic acid . Polymyxin A and G are only known in their qualitative, and polymyxin D and M - only in their quantitative amino acid composition [Table 1.11). Polymyxin M is at present being studied intensively " . 

It is seen from Table 6.1 that although two homologues of acetic acid (namely lauric acid and heptanoic acid) have almost the same pK, they have very different intrinsic solubilities. When the pH is increased to equal the pK numerically, the solubilities are only doubled (these are the So values). However, when the pH is increased to 2 units above the pKg, the solubility of heptanoic acid is quite large (1 -7m, or about 1 part in 5), whereas that of lauric acid is much less (O OOlM, or 1 part in 5000). Benzoic acid, which has about the same intrinsic solubility as heptanoic acid, but is a stronger acid, shows the expected increased solubility over heptanoic acid. Expressed in another way, the effect of bringing lauric acid to a pH that is 2 units more alkaline than the pK ... 

Some of the more prominent carboxyhc acids that are not fat- or oil-based include acetic, acryUc, and olefin-based propionic, butyric/isobutyric, 2-ethylhexanoic, heptanoic, pelargonic, neopentanoic, and neodecanoic. Table 1 summarizes the production, pricing, and primary producers of these acids. 

Fig. 3.8. Dependence of equilibrium surface tension on concentration for heptanoic and nonanoic acids ([30], 20°C), octanoic acid ([31], 25 C), decanoic acid ([32], 25°C), and dodecanoic acid ([33], 20 C), numbers denote the number of carbon atoms, the theoretical curves are calculated from the Frumkin (solid line, Table 3.4) and aggregation models (dashed line, Table 3.5), respectively.

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