Hemolymph, insect

Iglesias F., Marco R, Frangois M.-C., Camps F., Fabrias G. and Jacquin-Joly E. (2002) A new member of the PBAN family in Spodoptera littoralis molecular cloning and immunovisualisation in scotophase hemolymph. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol, (in press). 

Traditionally, from 0.1 to 1 mM of each amino acid is added to the culture medium, including both essential and non-essential amino acids. The concentrations of amino acids added to insect cell culture media are much higher than those found in media for vertebrate cells (Echalier, 1997), probably due to the fact that higher amino acid concentrations are found in insect hemolymph (insect body fluid) in comparison with blood serum. 

Bacillus thuringiensis produces a variety of organic compounds which are toxic to the larvae of certain susceptible insect hosts. Among the toxic entities are proteinaceous crystals, probably three soluble toxins, and certain enzymes. The protein material is the major toxin active in killing lepidopterous larvae. The protein is formed by the cells apparently in close synchrony with sporulation, and its nature is a constant function of bacterial strain. The mode of action of the protein is under study. The sequence of events in the pathology observed is probably solubilization of the crystal (enzymatic or physical)—>liberation of toxic unit—>alteration of permeability of larval gut wall— change in hemolymph pH—>invasion of hemolymph by spores or vegetative cells of the bacterium. 

Trehalose Fungi and yeasts. The major sugar of insect hemolymph. ... 

Kanost MR, Zepp MK, Ladendorff NE, Andersson LA 1994 Isolation and characterization of a hemocyte aggregation inhibitor from hemolymph of Manduca sexta larvae. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 27 123—136... 

Chino, H. 1985. Lipid transport Biochemistry of hemolymph lipophorin. In Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, eds. Kerkut G. A. and Gilbert L. I., Oxford Pergamon Press, 10 115-134. 

Tsuchida, K., Katagiri, C., Tanaka, Y. et al. 2004b. The basis for colorless hemolymph and cocoons in the Y-gene recessive Bombyx mori mutants A defect in the cellular uptake of carotenoids. J. Insect Physiol., 50(10) 975-983. 

As with the other insects studied that utilize hydrocarbon sex pheromones, once Z9-23 H is produced by oenocyte cells it is released into the hemolymph. Lipophorin is the transport protein that will move the hydrocarbon to cuticu-lar tissue [21]. It was found that about 24 h were required once Z9-23 H was induced to actual deposition on the cuticular surface [237]. As is the case with other insects selective partitioning of the sex pheromone was observed with relatively larger proportions of Z9-23 H being found on the cuticular surface than in other tissues [21]. 

Sevala, V. L., Bachmann, J. A. S. and Schal, C. (1997). Lipophorin a hemolymph juvenile hormone binding protein in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 27 663-670. 

Sevala, V., Shu, S., Ramaswamy, S. B. and Schal, C. (1999). Lipophorin of female Blattella germanica (L.) characterization and relation to hemolymph titers of juvenile hormone and hydrocarbons. Journal of Insect Physiology 45 431 141. 

Trehalose, or "mushroom sugar," is found not only in fungi but also in many other organisms.39 41. It serves as the primary transport sugar in the hemolymph of insects and also acts as an "antifreeze" in many species. 

The major lipoproteins of insect hemolymph, the lipophorins, transport diacylglycerols. The apolipo-phorins have molecular masses of -250, 80, and sometimes 18 kDa.34-37a The three-dimensional structure of a small 166-residue lipophorin (apolipophorin-III) is that of a four-helix bundle. It has been suggested that it may partially unfold into an extended form, whose amphipathic helices may bind to a phospholipid surface of the lipid micelle of the lipophorin 35 A similar behavior may be involved in binding of mammalian apolipoproteins. Four-helix lipid-binding proteins have also been isolated from plants.38 See also Box 21-A. Specialized lipoproteins known as lipovitellins... 

A third group of lipid-binding proteins have a four-helix bundle structure. They include the insect lipophorins, which transport diacylglycerols in the hemolymph (see main text), and nonspecific lipid carriers of green plants.q An 87-residue four-helix protein with a more open structure binds acyl-coenzyme A molecules in liver.r... 

Insects Locusta migratoria100—brown crop fluid 64,000 green crop fluid 4000-14,000 hemolymph 300 ecdysial fluid, trace. Drosophila melanogaster embryo6108 6000. 

Jurenka R. A. and Subchev M. (2000) Identification of cuticular hydrocarbons and alkene precursor to the pheromone in hemolymph of the female gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 43, 108-115. 

Subchev M. and Jurenka R. A. (2001) Sex pheromone levels in pheromone glands and identification of the pheromone and hydrocarbons in the hemolymph of the moth Scoliopteryx libatrix L. (Lepidoptera Noctuidae). Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 47, 35 13. 

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