Hemoglobin, in blood

These four PET scans show how blood flow to different parts of the brain is affected by various activities. In this case, an oxygen isotope that is taken up by the hemoglobin in blood is used as a source of positrons. 

Why might the lowering of blood pH cause the hemoglobin in blood to become unable to transport oxygen ... 

Early determinations of iron and hemoglobin in blood were described by Herrmann et al53) and Bohmer et al 54). Zettner and co-workers ss) determinent serum iron by extracting the bathophenanthroline complex into MIBK. The serum could be diluted with water and aspirated only if the iron level was above 2 ppm. Rodgerson and Heifer S6) tried aspirating undiluted serum but obtained irreproduc-... 

We begin with the symptoms of sickle cell anemia. As the name implies, victims are frequently anemic that is, they have a content of hemoglobin in blood less than the normal range, the result of lysis of red blood cells, the carriers of hemoglobin (hemolytic anemia). In addition, disease victims are susceptible to chronic infections, may have enlarged spleens, and suffer intermittent bouts of pain, which can be severe, in the bones, joints, and periosteum. The disease can be debilitating. 

However, quantitative environmental exposure data for humans or other animals are often sadly lacking because studies are usually retrospective, and so, samples of body fluids will not have been taken. Bio markers of exposure are relatively transient and even conjugate with hemoglobin in blood, which are the most persistent, and are generally only detectable for... 

Figure 4. Persistence of sulfur mustard adduct to N-terminal valine residue of hemoglobin in blood of a marmoset after sulfur mustard administration (4.1 mg/kg, i.v.) at t = 0. At the time points indicated blood samples were collected, globin was isolated and analyzed by using the modified Edman degradation for determination of the N-terminal valine adduct. Globin from human blood exposed to ris-sulfur mustard (10 iM) was used as an internal standard. (Reprinted from Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 184, D. Noort, H.P. Benschop and R.M. Black, Biomonitoring of Exposure to Chemical Warfare Agents A Review, pages 116-126 (2002), with permission from Elsevier Science.)...

The concentration of oxygen bound to hemoglobin in blood is given by... 

Different proteins have different physical properties. Some—such as casein in milk, ovalbumin in egg whites, and hemoglobin in blood—are water-soluble. Others—such as keratin in hair, fibroin in spider silk, and collagen in connective tissue—are flexible solids. 

Air is inhaled during respiration and passes through the upper respiratory tract and to the alveoli capillary membrane in the lower respiratory tract. The lower respiratory tract is the site of gas exchange. Oxygen attaches to hemoglobin in blood. Carbon dioxide leaves the blood and is expelled through the lower and upper respiratory tracts during expiration. 

Figure 34.9 Absorption spectra of the abdomen of a mouse. The absorption peaks at around 550 and 980 nm can be attributed to hemoglobin in blood and water, respectively. At around 700 nm, no reasonable absorption signals were obtained due to lack of sensitivity of the photodetectors.

Carbon monoxide gas (CO) binds strongly to the iron atom of hemoglobin in blood. How does this action cause harm to the body ... 

The technician may choose from several chemical tests for blood, all based on the fact that the hemoglobin in blood catalyzes the oxidation of a number of organic indicators to produce a colored product that emits light, or luminesces. 

Huisman, T. H. J., Henson, J. B., and Wilson, J. B., A new high-performance liquid chromatographic proc-edure to quantitate hemoglobin Aj, and other minor hemoglobins in blood of normal, diabetic and alt oholic individuals. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 102, 163-173... 

The kinetics of this deoxygenation of hemoglobin in blood was studied with the aid of a tubular reactor by Nakamura and Siaub / PhysioL. 173. 161). 

Methylene chloride metabolizes in body to carbon monoxide, which forms carboxy-hemoglobin in blood. The concentration of the latter is related to the vapor concentration and the duration of exposure. 

This same approach can be used for a mixture of three components. More complex mixtures can be unraveled through computer software that uses an iterative process at multiple wavelengths to calculate the concentrations. Mathematical approaches used include partial least squares, multiple least squares, principle component regression, and other statistical methods. Multicomponent analysis using UV absorption has been used to determine how many and what type of aromatic amino acids are present in a protein and to quantify five different hemoglobins in blood. 

A new approach recently was taken to maintain an excess of soluble scavenging metal in a mud and to minimize the adverse effects of the metal ion. The metal ion is bonded loosely with an organic compound (ligand) that is highly water-soluble. These organometallic compounds are commonly called metal chelates. Examples are hemoglobin in blood (iron chelate) and plant chlorophyll (magnesium chelate). 

In this way, the concentration of chloride in water was determined by precipitation with silver labeled with " " Ag CO was u.sed for the determination of hemoglobin in blood and l for the determination of bismuth in the presence of an excess of iodide ions using extraction separation (2). 

The bioavailability of an element in the diet is determined as the fraction of element that has been absorbed in the intestine, retained by the body, and utilized for physiological function, including deposition into storage tissues [18]. The actual element utilization of an administered label, however, is difficult to measure directly. Major functional or storage compartments, such as liver, muscle tissue, and bone, are difficult to access. They require tissue biopsies, which can be taken with minimal associated health risks, but can hardly be considered a routine sampling approach for research purposes in healthy volunteers. The only exception is iron, for which two-thirds of body iron circulates as hemoglobin in blood, which can be easily sampled. This has led to the development of two different approaches to assess iron absorption and bioavailability in the human body. 

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