Hemiptera

The defensive secretions of a large number of hemipteran bugs have been examined chemically. They are typified by hexanal, and (Z)-2-hexenal, often accompanied by 2-octenal and 2-decenal and their corresponding acetates, but they have not been studied from the biosynthetic aspect. 

Levinson et al. (1974) report the presence of an alarm pheromone in the bedbug, Cimex lectularius (Cimicidae). Although bedbugs are solitary feeders, they feed for only a small part of the day, needing only a single blood meal per 

In addition to the benefits of modification of host physiology and greater ant mutualism, McEvoy (1979) suggests two additional driving forces for evolving group formation in treehoppers increased effectiveness of maternal care and enhancement of aposematic coloration in distasteful species. The latter is probably also the cause of grouping in many of the Hemiptera discussed. 

The occurrence of alarm signalling and other examples of apparent altruistic behavior has been explained by the following theories  

The occurrence of alarm pheromones in insects outside the social groups is an infrequent phenomenon, so far found in only a few families of pre-social insect orders. This pattern of distribution suggests that rather unusual conditions are 

Not all authors agree on the importance of haplo-diploidy in evolution of sociality in the Hymenoptera. See Evans (1977) for a contrasting view. 

---

Zodl.) Hemiptera. halbflussig, a. semiliquid, semifluid. Halbfranzband, m. half-calf binding volume bound in half calf. 

Jenkins R. L., Loxdale H. D., Brookes C. P., and Dixon A. F. G. (1999). The major carotenoid pigments of the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.) (Hemiptera Aphididae). Physiol Entomol 24 171-178. 

Arbogast, R.T. 1976. Suppression of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.)(Coleoptera Cucujidae) on shelled com by the predator Xylocoris flavipes (Reuter)(Hemiptera Anthocoridae). J. Georgia Entomol. Soc. 11, 67-71. 

Brower, J.H. and Mullen, M.A. 1990. Effects of Xylocoris flavipes (Hemiptera Anthocoridae) releases on moth populations in experimental peanut storages. J. Entomol. Sci. 25, 268-276. 

Donnelly, B.E. and Phillips, T.W. 2001. Functional response of Xylocoris flavipes (Hemiptera Anthocoridae) Effects of prey species and habitat. Environ. Entomol. 30, 617-624. 

LeCato, G.L., Collins, J.M., and Arbogast, R.T. 1977. Reduction of residual populations of stored-product insects by Xylocoris flavipes (Hemiptera Anthocoridae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 50, 84-88. 

OBPs were initially identified in Lepidoptera and later isolated and/or cloned from various insect orders, namely, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Hemiptera ([16] and references therein). Recently, they have been identified from a primitive termite species [ 17], thus, suggesting that this gene family is distributed throughout the Neopteran orders. The three orders most... 

Malathion Organophosphate 121-75-5 -1.28 1991 Insectic. An insecticide and acaricide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, and Lepidoptera... 

MacLain, D. K. and Shure, D. J. (1985). Host plant toxins and unpalatability ofNeacoryphus bicruris (Hemiptera Lygaeidae). Ecological Entomology 10,291-298. 

Extract of odors collected from sexually mature males of the green stink bug, Acrostemum hilare Ssy (Hemiptera Pentatomidae), showed one major sex-specific component, (45)- r-(Z )-bisabolene epoxide [(45)-cis-2 -BAE]. The crude extract was attractive to females, but when separated into four fractions, only the portion containing (45)-c -2 -BAE and the minor component AS)-trans-Z- AE was attractive to females. The fraction was as attractive as the crude extract suggesting that the former contained all the components. Neither the cis- nor the trans- BAE alone was attractive to females, but a 95 5 cis-.trans blend, mimicking the ratio naturally produced by males was attractive to females in Y-tube bioassays. " ... 

The male produced sex pheromone of the red-shouldered stink bug, Thyantapallidovirens Stal (Hemiptera Pentatomidae), was shown to consist of a blend of methyl ( "2, Z 4,. Z6)-decatrienoate and the sesquiterpenes (+)-a-curcumene, (—)-zingiberene and (—)-P-sesquiphellandrene. In laboratory bioassays, sexually mature males attracted sexually mature females but not males, and females did not attract either sex. Pheromone... 

Two male specific compounds were identified as the sex ph eromones of the Brazilian rice stalk stink bug, Tibraca limbativentris Stal (Hemiptera Pentatomidade), as isomers of (k5)-zingiberenol. ... 

Two pheromonal components were detected in airborne collections from the vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus Signoret (Hemiptera Pseudococci dae) in Israel. They were identified as (5 )-lavandulyl senecioate (1) and (5)-lavandulyl isovalerate (II). Compound I has been identified as the sex pheromone of P. ficus in California. The report shows that feral P. ficus mealybugs produce and respond only to (I) whereas mealybugs reared in the laboratory on potato sprouts produce and respond to both (I) and (II). 

Simple synthesis of E)-A -oxo-2-decenal and homologues, which are common components of the defensive secretions of true bugs (Hemiptera)... 

Pteridines and purines are found in many species of Hemiptera, as shown in Table VI. A red pigment, erythropterin (73), detected in almost all species of Heteroptera, is very often considered to be responsible for the sometimes bright red color of these species, together with carotenoids 107). Histamine (136) is detected in bedbugs of the genus Cimex (Heteroptera, Cimicidae) (Table VIII). 

Additional ocurrences as follows Pteridines occur in other Lepidoptera (204,310,311), Diptera (312), and Hemiptera (107,313,314), and other insects (50,315). Uric acid is found in other Drosophila species (253,316), other cockroaches (285,287-292), and other insects (317-321). Guanine occurs in other scorpions (322-324), spiders (322,325,326), and ticks (308,327). 

Hemiptera Anthocoridae Orius laevigatus Tetranychidae) Frankliniella occidentalis Cucumber Venzon et al., 1999... 

Hemiptera Miridae Cyrthorinus lividipennis (Thysanoptera Thripidae) Tetranychus urticae (Acari Tetranychidae) Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera Rice Rapusas et al., 1996... 

Hemiptera Pentatomidae Perillus bioculatus Delphacidae) Leptinotarsa decemlineata Potato + c van Loon et al., 2000a Weissbecker... 

Trissolcus basalis Nezara viridula (Hemiptera Soybean Loch and Walter, 1999... 

Millar, J. G., Rice, R. E., Steffan, S. A., Daane, . M., Cullen, E. and Zalom, F. G. (2001). Attraction of female digger wasps, Astata occidentalis Cresson (Hymenoptera Sphecidae) to the sex pheromone of the stink bug Thyanta pallidovirens (Hemiptera Pentatomidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 77 244-248. 

Hemiptera Whiteflies, cinch bugs (plant pests)... 

Of the remaining orders, probably the best studied, from the perspective of the source of secretions and chemistry, are the true bugs (Hemiptera), particularly the male-produced sex pheromones of Pentatomidae (e.g. Aldrich et al., 1984) and female sex pheromones of scales and aphids (e.g. Moreno and Fargerlund 1975 Galli 1998). 

Aldrich J. R., Blum M. S. and Fales H. M. (1979) Species specific natural products of adult male leaf-footed bugs (Hemiptera Heteroptera). J. Chem. Ecol. 5, 53-62. 

Aldrich J. R., Lusby W. R., Kochansky J. R and Abrams C. B. (1984) Volatile compounds from the predatory i nsect Podisus maculiventris (Hemiptera Heteroptera Pentatomidae) male and female metathoracic scent gland and female dorsal abdominal gland secretions. J. Chem. Ecol. 10, 561-568. 

Aldrich J. R., Zhang A. and Oliver J. E. (2000) Attractant pheromone and allomone from the metathoracic scent gland of a broad-headed bug (Hemiptera Alydidae). Can. Entomol. 132, 915-923. 

Bourgoin T. (2000) Voluminous paired glands in the tenth abdominal segment in the females of the genus Cladodiptera spinola (Hemiptera Fulgoromorpha Dictyopharidae). Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 36, 137-142. 

Galli E. (1998) Mating behaviour in Tetraneura nigriabdominalis sasaki (=akinire Sasaki) (Hemiptera, Pemphiginae). Invert. Reprod. Develop. 34, 173-176. 

Vogt R. G., Callahan F. E., Rogers M. E. and Dickens J. C. (1999) Odorant binding protein diversity and distribution among the insect orders, as indicated by LAP, an OBP-related protein of the true bug Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera, Heteroptera). Chem. Senses 24, 481 —495. 

---