True bugs

Michalski J, Dahkowski W (2003) State of the Art. Chemical Synthesis of Biophosphates and Their Analogues via PHI Derivatives. 232 93-144 Mikolajczyk M, Balczewski P (2003) Phosphonate Chemistry and Reagents in the Synthesis of Biologically Active and Natural Products. 223 161-214 Mikolajczyk M, see Drahowicz J (2000) 208 143-176 Millar JG (2005) Pheromones of True Bugs. 240 37-84... 

Most of the methods that have been used to collect or extract pheromones from true bugs are analogous to methods used with insects in general, and will be summarized here only briefly. The interested reader is referred to several reviews [4,12-14]. First, whole insects or body sections have been soaked in solvent (e.g., N. viridula [15] Campylomma verbasci [16]). However, the value of whole body extracts is questionable because of their complexity, and the bulk of the compounds obtained may be unrelated to the pheromone components, hampering further investigation of the actual pheromone. 

A prominent characteristic of most true bugs is their use of defensive chemicals produced in specialized scent glands, usually found in the abdomen in im-matures, and in the metathorax in adults. However, this pattern is not absolute species that feed on poisonous plants from which they sequester toxic chemical defenses tend to have reduced or modified glands [8,26-28]. Many of these species are also aposematic, vividly advertising their toxicity to would-be predators. The defensive chemistry of bugs has been the subject of a number of reviews [4,6,8,9,12,29,30] and will only be summarized here, with a focus on compounds with interesting or unusual chemistry. 

Adults of some species also produce 4-oxo-( )-2-alkenals. Other types of simple compounds that have been found in the defensive secretions of true bugs include common terpenoids such as a- and (3-pinenes, limonene, linalool, and Z, -oc-farnesene, and simple aromatic compounds such as benzyl alcohol, ben-zaldehyde,p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, methyl p-hydroxybenzoate,phenylethanol, and guaicol. In general, although a number of species may share particular components, each species does appear to produce its own particular blend. In at least one species, the blend of defensive compounds is reported to vary with season and/or diet [36]. 

Aldrich JR (1995) Chemical communication in true bugs and parasitoid exploitation. In Carde RT, Bell WJ (eds) Chemical ecology of insects II. Chapman 8c Hall, New York, p 318... 

Simple synthesis of E)-A -oxo-2-decenal and homologues, which are common components of the defensive secretions of true bugs (Hemiptera)... 

During a field study of the attraction of scavenging flies to the defensive compounds of true bugs, Aldrich and Barros (1995) found considerable numbers of crab spiders (Thomisidae) in their traps. More detailed study showed that both (E)-2-octenal (12) and (E)-2-decenal (13) were attractive to four American crab spider species ... 

Aldrich, J. R. (1995). Chemical communication in the true bugs and parasitoid... 

Of the remaining orders, probably the best studied, from the perspective of the source of secretions and chemistry, are the true bugs (Hemiptera), particularly the male-produced sex pheromones of Pentatomidae (e.g. Aldrich et al., 1984) and female sex pheromones of scales and aphids (e.g. Moreno and Fargerlund 1975 Galli 1998). 

Dickens J. C., Callahan F. E., Wergin W. P, Murphy C. A. and Vogt R. G. (1998) Odorantbinding proteins of true bugs. Generic specificity, sexual dimorphism, and association with subsets of chemosensory sensilla. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 855, 306-10. 

True Bugs) Dictyoptera Blattaria Miridae Mirini Leucophaea maderae Lmad- PBP AY116618 Riviere et al. (2003)... 

Vogt R. G., Callahan F. E., Rogers M. E. and Dickens J. C. (1999) Odorant binding protein diversity and distribution among the insect orders, as indicated by LAP, an OBP-related protein of the true bug Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera, Heteroptera). Chem. Senses 24, 481 —495. 

Of the best-known insect orders, only the Hemiptera, the true bugs, stand out as a group without a clearly recognized JH. An early report identified JH I as the principal hormone in the hemolymph of the adult female bean beetle, Riptortus clavatus (Hemiptera Alydidae) by gas chromatography—MS (GC—MS).78 It was reported that, of the three compounds JH I, II, and III, JH I was the most effective for inducing yolk protein synthesis in diapausing adults of this species.78 More recently, it has been reported that a compound close to JH III, but not JH III, is the hormone in the two spotted stink bug Perillus bioculatus (Hemiptera Pentatomidae). Production of this hormone is stimulated by farnesol, a known precursor of JH III.79... 

J. R. Aldrich, Chemical Communication in the True Bugs and Parasitoid Exploitation. In Chemical Ecology of Insects ll R. T. Carde, W. J. Bell, Eds. Chapman Hall New York, 1995 pp 318-363. 

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