Helper applications

Sofh are applications can mainly be divided into stand-alone programs that have to be installed on a local computer, and web-based appUcation.s. Furthermore, there arc two different tcchniquc.s u.scd in web-based applications for providing the programs applets and plug-ins. Whereas plug-ins (helper applications) have to be installed to be displayed correctly in a browser, java applets are loaded by the browser on demand. The basic requirement for executing java applets is that the java Virtual Machine (jVM) must be pre-installed on the local computer, which is oltcn the case. 

Even so, working HTML FORMs is somewhat primitive compared to other GUIs designed for high bandwidth interactivity. Many of these limitations have been relieved by the availability of Java, JavaScript, plugins and helper applications. Likewise, the availability of cookies has eased the limitations of the underlying user-context-free HTTP/HTML client-server model. 

In general, a basic HTML-based GUI appears to suffice for most scientific interfaces and the plugin/helper strategy suffices for special purposes. However, a disturbing trend is the recent appearance of browsers that are not extensible via helper applications (e.g., Safari, IE-6). Such browsers are not likely to be suitable for scientific applications. 

It has been proved to be useful to provide universal availability of consistent browsers and helper applications via Cabinet servers. The download server is a convenient place for browser, PDB viewer and PDB helper downloads. The combination of Netscape [44] as a browser and PyMOL [45] as a molecular viewer seems to work weU. Other options are available. 

The most significant header to appear in HTTP/1.0 was the Content-Type header. This header indicates the media type of the message body. HTTP/0.9 made the assumption that every document on the Web would contain HTML. HTTP/1.0 makes provision for any type of document and for the document type to be indicated by the Content-Type header. A browser that receives a document from a server can examine the Content-Type header to determine how it should deal with the document. Browsers can normally deal with plain text and HTML directly. If instead they receive a file that has been produced by a word processor, they can handle it by launching an appropriate helper application. The Content-Type field will indicate which application should be launched. 

Helper application Explanation File types handled... 

There are two basic mechanisms for transporting a three-dimensional chemical visualization as Internet data as a file with geometric objects or as a chemical MIME structure file. MIME files have been discussed in the previous paragraphs. They offer full chemical information, but only severely limited display choices, restricted to what is available to the local helper application and which, furthermore, cannot be controlled by the author. The transport of information such as orbital shapes, other than atomic coordinates, is not possible with the standard chemical MIME formats. 

As an application of these computational helpers I shall also introduce the carbon system and the equilibrium relationships among the species of carbon dissolved in natural waters. 

Since surface active betaine esters can be degraded under mild conditions and the hydrolysis products, i.e., the amino acid betaine and a long-chain alcohol can be expected to be less toxic than the intact surfactant, these am-phiphiles are interesting candidates for use in applications where surfactant toxicity is an issue. Surface active betaine esters have been evaluated as temporary bactericides [34] and have been studied as potential candidates for use as pharmaceutical excipients (pharmaceutical helper molecules) [30]. 

Brunetti-Pierri N, Ng P. 2006. Progress towards the application of helper-dependent adenoviral vectors for liver and lung gene therapy. Curr Opin Mol Ther. 8 446 154. 

Several reports in the literature state that DOPE, while successfully used for in vitro gene delivery, is a poor helper lipid for in vivo applications [28-32], Instead, for reasons that are not understood, lipid mixtures for successful transfection in vivo seem to require cholesterol [33]. In fact, an equimolar mixture of cholesterol and DOTAP is widely used for in vivo experiments and clinical trials. Cholesterol has also been included in liposomes along with cationic DOTAP and fusogenic DOPE to form a potent mixture used to study the treatment of ovarian cancer by delivery of the p53 tumor suppressor gene [34, 35]. 

Transdermal delivery of proteins and/or DNA vaccines for needle-free immunization has been attracting increasing interest. Cui et al. [110] reported on ethanol-in-fluorocarbone (E/F) MEs for topical immunisation. The authors showed that plasmid DNA incorporated into E/F MEs was found to be stable. Furthermore, after topical application to the skin, significant enhancements in luciferase expression, antibody production, and T-helper type 1 based immune response compared to an aqueous or ethanolic solutions of DNA were observed [110]. 

Synchro-Self-Shifting ( SSS ) Clutches The automatic freewheel action of an SSS clutch simplifies plant startup and shutdown sequences. It is, of course, receiving its power input from a gas turbine or similar driver, while its output is connected to a driven machine. The drive disengages automatically when the driven machine speed exceeds that of the driver. Since large gas turbines are usually brought up to speed with either a startup gear motor or a helper turbine, thousands of SSS clutches (Fig. 29-77) are finding application here. 

The common properties attributed to helper ligands in improving lanthanide-based detection techniques include enhanced stability, sensitivity, and selectivity. We will start with the effects of ancillary ligands on lanthanide photophysics and then explore the impacts of these ligands on sensor properties (Section II). Other factors influencing stability, such as sterics and oxophilicity, will be summarized in Section III. A brief discussion of future applications will follow (Section IV). 

Scenario Motivated Helpers International (MHI) is a start-up company that wants to break into the virtual personal assistant market. As sueh, MHI needs to hire many new employees, all with similar skills. Applicant resumes must be reviewed quickly by several different appraisers to determine if a face-to-face interview is in order. An Attribute MSA determines (a) if MHI s appraisers are consistent when reviewing the same resume more than once, (b) how each appraiser s reviews compare to the others, and (c) if the appraisers agree with the standards that MHI s human resources department has established for new employees. 

Yoshino, T, Mukuzono, H., Aoki, H., Takahashi, K., Takeuchi, T., Kubonishi, I., Ohtsuki, Y., Motoi, M, and Akagi, T. (1989) A novel monoclonal antibody (OPD4) recognizing a helper/mducer T cell subset Its application to paraffin-embedded tissues. Am J. Pathol. 134,1339-1346. 

This active substance suppresses the release of interleukin 1 from monocytes and the synthesis of interleukins 2, 3 and 4 as well as of TNF-a from T helper cells T cell proliferation, macrophage stimulation and B cell activation are inhibited. Even at an early stage of the immune reaction, this leads to the suppression of both humoral and cellular immune responses. The body s bacterial defence is still not significantly influenced, as the phagocytic activity of the RES is barely inhibited by cyclosporine. Bioavailability is about 35% following oral application it is almost completely metabolized in the body and eliminated predominantly via the bile. Clin-... 

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