Chondria armata

Although isolated in 1959 (125) from the now rare red alga Chondria armata Okamura (Rhodomelaceae), domoic acid (77) was given a tentative structure... 

Daigo K (1959) Constituents of Chondria armata. IV. Determination of domoic acid. Yakuga Zasshi 79 360-364... 

Chondria armata neurotoxic nonprotein amino acids... 

COjH H Red aigae -Chondria armata isodomic acids D-F -insecticidai nonprotein amino acids 230... 

COjH H02C" H Red aigae -Chondria armata and diatom Pseudonitzschia australis isodomic acid C - nonprotein amino acid with insecticidai activity 257, 258... 

Domoic acid (Fig. 28,80) (263) is a neuro-phycotoxin responsible for the mortality of wildlife and for amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) of humans during algal bloom. Domoic acid was first isolated from the red alga Chondria armata ( domoi in Japanese), and it is produced also by diatoms, such as Pseudo-nitzschia spp. For the latter, evidence has been presented that it is involved in iron acquisition (307). 

Jaspamide (17), previously mentioned in Section 17.3, is a modified peptide isolated from a Jaspis sponge. Jaspamide shows insecticidal activity against Heliothis virescens with an LCS0 of 4 ppm, as compared to 1 ppm for azadirachtin. Jaspamide (17), showed more than 72% mortality at 100 ppm to both southern com rootworm and tobacco budworm. Iso-domoic acids A (40), B, and C are novel amino acids from the red alga Chondria armata. They... 

The sea hare Dolabella auricularia has furnished aurilol (628), which is cytotoxic (728) and for which the structure has now been fully assigned by total synthesis (729). The Indian Ocean red alga Chondria armata, a member of the Laurencia family, contains armatols A-F (629-634) (730). 

Ciavatta ML, Wahidulla S, D Souza L, Scognamiglio G, Cimino G (2001) New Bromotriterpene Polyethers from the Indian Alga Chondria armata. Tetrahedron 57 617... 

The red alga Digenea simplex has been used for the treatment of roundworm disease for centuries. Its active principle is kainic acid. The related domoic acid is a constituent of another red alga, Chondria armata, used for the same purpose. These compounds, known as kainoids, are potent neurotoxins and excitatory amino acids. Kainoids are important tools in neurophysiological research. Domoic acids are also produced by diatoms and were responsible for the shellfish poisonings known as amnesic shellfish poisonings that occurred in Canada in 1987. 

Another anthelmintic folk medicine used in Japan is the red algae Chondria armata belonging to the same family (Rhodomelaceae) with Digenea simplex. However, its use in this purpose has only been known from Tokunoshima, a small island located in the northeast of Okinawa. Its insecticidal property against flies has been noted by the residents of Yakushima, another island farther north. 

Isodomoic acids A-C (140-142) were isolated from aqueous extracts of a Japanese red alga (Chondria armata) they exhibit significant insecticidal... 

Domoic acid 4 (Figure 3) was isolated in 1958 from another Japanese marine alga, Chondria armata.4 Determination of the stereochemistry at C-5 proved problematic until it was confirmed as R by Ohfune in a total synthesis achieved in 1982.5 Structurally related derivatives, isodomoic acids A-F and domoilactones A and B have subsequently been isolated from Chondria armata. 

The Japanese have used extracts from Chondria armata as an insecticide, the active component being (-)-domoic acid 4.27 Insecticidal activity is found to depend on the nature of the kainoid C-4 substituent. 

Chondria armata (red alga) (Rhodomelaceae) Digenea simplex (red alga) (Rhodomelaceae)... 

Maeda, M., Kodama, T, Tanaka, T, Yoshizumi, H., Nomoto, K., and Takemoto, K. 1985. Structure of an incecticidal substance from a red alga, Chondria armata. Tennen Yuki Kagobutsu ToronkaiKoenYoshishu 27 616-623. 

Daigo, K. 1959a. Studies on the Constituents of Chondria armata. I. Detection of the Anthelmintical Constituents. J Pharm Soc Japan 19, 350-353. 

Takemoto, T, and Daigo, K. 1958. Constituents of Chondria armata. Chem Pharmaceutical Bull 6, 578-580. 

Zaman, L., Arakawa, O., Shimosu, A., Onoue, Y., Nishio, S., Shida, Y, and Noguchi, T. 1997. Two new isomers of domoic acid from a red alga, Chondria armata. Toxicon 35, 205-212. 

Chemical investigations dealing with the identification of toxic compound(s) responsible for the toxicity of a mussel, Mytilus edulis, from eastern Prince Edward Island, Canada, has resulted in the identification of domdc acid [116] (95). Domoic acid was originally isolated over 30 years ago from the red alga Chondria armata (96). A further investigation of the toxic mussels has resulted (97) in the isolation of domoic acid D [117] and two geometric isomers, isodomoic acid E3 [118] and isodomoic acid E4 [119]. 

We thank Dr. R. Terada, Kagoshima University, for collecting red alga Chondria armata. This work was supported in part by a grant-in-aid for research (C) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences (JSPS) and by a grant-in-aid for a multilateral cooperative research project (coastal oceanography), from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan. 

Maeda, M., et al. Structures of isodomoic acids A, B, and C, novel insecticidal amino acids from the red alga Chondria armata. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 34, 4892-4895 (1986). 

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