Salinity estimating

Previous workers studying fluid inclusions in saddle dolomite used mainly standard microthermometric heating-cooling methods. They reported Th values and, less commonly, salinity estimates and major cation ratios. More sophisticated techniques, such as direct analysis of the major cations. 

Salinity estimates based on final melting temperatures (T ) of frozen inclusions in saddle dolomite are not significantly affected by re-equilibration processes. values are less frequently reported than Th measurements (cf. 1119 versus 404 values Figs 10 and 11), and most studies do not specify whether the final melting phase was ice or hydrohalite. values range from -4.9 to -42.5°C,... 

Capital Costs A typical medium-scale RO seawater plant might produce 0.25 mVs (6 MGD). For a plant with an open sea intake, seawater salinity of 38 g/1, and conversion of 45 percent, the overall cost woiild be 26.5 miUiou (1996). A capital breakdown is given in Table 22-18. Capital charges are site specific, and are sensitive to the salinity of the feed. A plant of this size would likely contain six trains. For seawater RO, the Best estimate for the slopes of the family of lines in Fig. 22-55 is —0.6 for the equipment and 0.95 for the membranes. Capital charges, shown in TaBle 22-19, usually dominate the overall economics the numbers presented are only an example. Seawater economics are based on Shields and Moch, Am. Desalination Assn. Conf. Monterey CA (1996). 

The simplest estimate of the overall salinity of water (its ionic impurity content) is obtained by measuring its conductivity. Such measurements can be useful, for instance, when checking the purity of rinsing waters from the plating and metalfinishing industries. A quantitative estimate of the degree of contamination is possible via conductometry when the qualitative composition of the ionic contaminants is known and does not change. 

ES in ore fluids is generally in a range of 10 -10 mol/kg H2O based on ES in present-day geothermal waters and fluid inclusion analytical data (Shikazono, 1972a). /ci- is represented as a function of ionic strength and temperature. Ionic strength is related to salinity which can be approximated as Cl concentration. Cl concentration can be estimated from fluid inclusion study. 

Gangue minerals and salinity give constraints on the pH range. The thermochemical stability field of adularia, sericite and kaolinite depends on temperature, ionic strength, pH and potassium ion concentration of the aqueous phase. The potassium ion concentration is estimated from the empirical relation of Na+/K+ obtained from analyses of geothermal waters (White, 1965 Ellis, 1969 Fournier and Truesdell, 1973), experimental data on rock-water interactions (e.g., Mottl and Holland, 1978) and assuming that salinity of inclusion fluids is equal to ffZNa+ -h m + in which m is molal concentration. From these data potassium ion concentration was assumed to be 0.1 and 0.2 mol/kg H2O for 200°C and 250°C. 

Shikazono and Shimizu (1987) calculated EAu/EAg of ore fluids using fluid inclusion data (salinity, temperature), pH, mn2S and mK.+. The procedure for estimating EAu/EAg by them is given below. 

Shikazono and Shimizu (1987) concluded that Ag contents of gold precipitated from low-salinity fluids is higher than that prediction and the relationship between NAg of gold and salinity of fluid inclusions estimated from freezing temperature data. Therefore, another interpretation is that NAg of gold from shale-hosted deposits is lower than that from sandstone-hosted deposits, because shale is expected to be richer in Cl mainly due to adsorption by clay minerals included in shale than sandstone. 

Ra in the water sample and fm is the fraction of the endmember remaining in the sample. Age determinations calculated in such a manner reflect the time elapsed since the water sample became enriched in Ra by the discharge of groundwater. " Ra is regenerated on the order of days. The fraction /em can be estimated either from salinity signal or from the distribution of isotopes, but this term can be difficult to... 

The effect of PCP-like drugs was also studied in vivo. In these experiments, the ability of these drugs to enhance haloperidol-induced DA metabolism was assessed by measuring DA and homovanil-11c acid (HVA) concentrations in the striatum. In this paradigm, saline or drug was administered (SC) immediately after the administration of 0.1. mg/kg ha 1 operido 1. The rats were killed 45 minutes later, and DA and HVA levels were estimated fluorometri-tal ly (Snel 1 et al. 1984). 

Serum sodium may rise with insulin and isotonic saline fluid administration. Estimate the corrected serum sodium concentration at presentation... 

Although both water and sodium are required in this instance, sodium needs to be provided in excess of water to fully correct this abnormality. As such, hypertonic saline (3% NaCl) is often used. One can estimate the change in serum sodium concentration after 1 L of 3% NaCl infusion using the following equation 16... 

Optimal Salinities Phase inversions at optimal salinity were assessed routinely by salt titrations into systems maintained at constant temperature. For the Leonox IOS surfactant system, increasing levels of salinity were necessary to cause the emulsion state to phase invert as the alkane molecular weight increased (Figure 11). Ihe initial conductivity value at the condition where zero salt had been added may in part reflect the salt contamination naturally present within the supplied formulation. Ihe internal olefin sulphonate species again revealed a linear relationship between EACN and optimal salinity as did all ionic formulations under test (see Figures 12 and 13, plus Table III). Ihe estimation of EACN values for both toluene... 

Bachu et al. proposed a theoretical approach to C02 storage estimation considering each type of trapping mechanism in deep saline aquifers [26]. They introduced a simple time-independ-... 

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