Heat producing article, battery operated equipment

Batteries are comprised of one or more cells connected in series or parallel and assembled with terminals or contacts. When these contacts are connected to a device electrical current flows through the completed circuit providing power. Cells are the basic electrochemical unit used to generate or store electrical energy they consist of 

Between the electrodes lies an electrical potential difference. Once a circuit is made by connecting the electrodes, and until the potential difference is eliminated, electrons flow through the connection (an electric current) as the electrolyte ions (charged atoms or molecules) transport the current in the electrolyte. During the chemical reaction that takes place, the negative electrode is oxidized as the positive electrode is reduced. 

Batteries that require a liquid electrolyte are called wet batteries. Corrosive battery fluid refers to either acid electrolytes syn. battery acid, like the common lead-acid automobile battery which uses a solution of sulphuric acid, or alkali electrolytes syn. alkaline corrosive battery fluid, like potassium hydroxide (1310-58-3) solutions in nickel-cadmium and other alkaline battery systems. Dry batteries or dry cells, like all primary batteries, use electrolytes immobilized in pastes, gels, or absorbed into separator materials. Some batteries are loaded with a dry, solid chemical (e.g., potassium hydroxide) which is diluted with water to become a liquid electrolyte. The hazards associated with handling and transportation prior to use are thereby reduced. 

Some reactions at the electrolyte-electrode interface generate gas. In most car batteries, for example, sulphuric acid (the electrolyte) reacts with lead (the electrode) to generate hydrogen gas which is vented to avoid the buildup of explosive concentrations. Over time, the electrolyte is depleted and may require replenishment. In this instance, the battery is not sealed and presents the possibility of spillage during handling. Other nonspillable designs avoid this problem in a number of ways  

Sodium batteries and cells are designed such that the electrolyte is solid and the electrodes are liquid. In hermetically sealed sodium-sulphur batteries, the sodium and sulphur electrodes are heated to a molten state (300 to 350 C) 

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