Heat exchange equipment types

Improper handling during manufacture, transit, installation, or maintenance of the heat exchanger equipped with the thin-wall-bellows type... 

The kinetic-energy correction factor may be important in applying Bernoulli s theorem between stations when one is in laminar flow and the other in turbulent flow. Also, factors a and p are of some importance in certain types of compact heat-exchange equipment, where there are many changes in size of the fluid channel and where the tubes or heat-transfer surfaces themselves are short. In most practical situations both are taken as unity in turbulent flow. 

This chapter deals with equipment types that are of most interest to a process engineer tubular and plate exchangers condensers boilers and calandrias extended surface equipment mechanically aided heat-transfer devices and tubular chemical reactors. Evaporators are described in Chap. 16. Information on all types of heat-exchange equipment is given in engineering texts and handbooks.i -= °... 

Be familiar with the major types of heat exchange equipment and how they differ in flow directions of the two fluids exchanging heat, and the corresponding effect on the temperature-driving force for heat transfer. 

Know the major types of available heat-exchange equipment, with particular emphasis on shell-and-tube heat exchangers. 

Hall, S. G., Ahmad, S., and Smith, R., Capital Cost Targets for Heat Exchanger Networks Comprising Mixed Materials of Construction, Pressure Ratings and Equipment Types, Computers Chem. Eng., 14 319, 1990. 

An EMEA table contains a series of columns for the equipment reference number, the name of the piece of equipment, a description of the equipment type, configuration, service characteristics, etc, which may impact the fadure modes and/or effects, and aflst of the fadure modes. Table 2 provides a Hst of representative fadure modes for valves, pumps, and heat exchangers. The last column of the EMEA table is reserved for a description of the immediate and ultimate effects of each of the fadure modes on other equipment and the system. 

Several descriptions have been pubUshed of the continuous tar stills used in the CIS (9—11). These appear to be of the single-pass, atmospheric-pressure type, but are noteworthy in three respects the stills do not employ heat exchange and they incorporate a column having a bubble-cap fractionating section and a baffled enrichment section instead of the simple baffled-pitch flash chamber used in other designs. Both this column and the fractionation column, from which light oil and water overhead distillates, carboHc and naphthalene oil side streams, and a wash oil-base product are taken, are equipped with reboilers. 

Heat rejected to the environment by most industries is of Httle consequence. Cooling flows of air or water are deployed over equipment or through heat exchangers and the relatively small quantities of heat are dissipated to the surrounding air. Small cooling towers, often of the evaporative type, have become ubiquitous in an industrial faciUty. 

Heat Recovery Equipment. Factors that limit heat recovery appHcations are corrosion, fouling, safety, and cost of heat-exchange surface. Most heat interchange utilizes sheU and tube-type units because of the mgged constmction, ease of mechanical cleaning, and ease of fabrication in a variety of materials. However, there is a rich assortment of other heat exchangers. Examples found in chemical plants in special appHcations include the foUowing. 

TEMA-style shell-and-tube-type exchangers constitute the bulk of the unfired heat-transfer equipment in chemical-process plants, although increasing emphasis has been developing in other designs. These exchangers are illustrated in Fig. 11-35, and their features are summarized i n Table 11-11. 

Performance testing of heat exchangers is described in the American Institute of Chemical Engineers Standard Testing Procedure for Heat Exchangers, Sec. 1. Sensible Heat Transfer in SheU-and-Tube-Type Equipment. ... 

Air recirculation. Prevailing winds and the locations and elevations of buildings, equipment, fired heaters, etc., require consideration. All air-cooled heat exchangers in a bank are of one type, i.e., all forced-draft or all induced-draft. Banks of air-cooled exchangers must be placed far enough apart to minimize air recirculation. 

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